CHRONOLOGY

The Chronology is arranged year by year from 1450 to 1789 (and a little beyond) and is organized under six major headings to cover the Encyclopedia’s scope thematically and over time. Most items listed below are discussed in articles within the Encyclopedia, and can be located by referring to the Table of Contents and the Index.

Works first published in Latin, French, German, Italian, or Spanish are given in their original titles; translations are supplied for works first published in less commonly known languages.

Rulers and popes are identified at the beginning of their reign, with inclusive dates of rule. For example, at 1558: “Elizabeth I (England) 1558-1603.”

Because the section headings are not always mutually exclusive, certain subjects may be listed under more than one heading. For instance, a philosopher may sometimes be listed under Literature and Scholarship as well as under Religion and Philosophy.

Works and events in mathematics and statistics are listed under Science and Technology.

Abbreviations:

Co. = company (pl., cos.) d. = died

Est. = established fd. = founded ft. = fort

HRE = Holy Roman Emperor/Empire incl. = included, including mt. = mount, mountain (pl., mts.) publ. = published

R. = ruled, reigned Tr. = treaty

Li

1450  Francesco Sforza, duke of Milan, 1450-1466

1451  Mehmed II (Ottoman Empire), 1451-1481

1452  Frederick III (HRE), 14521493, first Habsburg

1453  Hundred Years’ War ends; Turks capture Constantinople; Millet system est. by Sultan Mehmed II

1454  Henry IV (Castile), 14541474; Peace of Lodi; Thirteen Years’ War between Poland and Russia, 14541466

Pope Callistus, 1455-1458; d. Zygmunt Olesnicki, cardinal and Polish regent, 1434-1447

Pope Pius II, 1458-1464

1455  Wars of the Roses (England), 1455-1485; Portuguese fleets reach Senegal River, begin to exchange slaves and manufactured gifts for gold

1456  d. janos Hunyadi

1457  Christian I of Denmark reigns as king of Sweden, 1457-1464

1458  Turks sack the Acropolis; George of Podebrady (Bohemia), 1458-1471; Matthias Corvinus (Hungary), 1458-1490; John II (Spain), 14581479; Portuguese occupy Ksar as-Saghir on Moroccan coast

1450 Vatican Library fd.