In the 1820s and 1830s, with non-Indian settlement increasing, the Ioway signed a series of treaties ceding to the United States lands in Iowa, Missouri, and Minnesota.
In 1836, they were assigned a reservation on land that was later subdivided between the states of Kansas and Nebraska. In 1854 and again in 1861, this tract was reduced in size. The Northern Ioway still hold the remainder of this reservation in Brown County, Kansas, and Richardson County, Nebraska. Agriculture is their main source of income. Other Ioway were relocated to the Indian Territory in 1883. The Southern Ioway now have a federal trust area in Lincoln, Payne, and Logan Counties of central Oklahoma. They own the Cimarron Casino, which helps tribal economy. Their periodical, The Buh-kho-Je Journal, helps disseminate information about the tribe and Native Americans in general. Both groups sponsor annual powwows. In modern usage the preferred name is Iowa for the legal tribal entities—that is, the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska and the Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma—and Ioway for the people themselves.
IPAI.
See DIEGUENO (TIPAI-IPAI)
IROQUOIS (Haudenosaunee)
The term Iroquois, pronounced IR-uh-koy or IR-uh-kwah, thought to be derived from the French rendering of the Algonquian word ireohkwa for “real adders” (snakes), refers to the Iroquoian-speaking Six Nations: CAYUGA, MOHAWK, ONEIDA, ONONDAGA, SENECA, and TUSCARORA. When speaking of themselves collectively, the Iroquois now generally call themselves Haudenosaunee, pronounced ho-dee-no-SHOW-nee, for “people of the longhouse.”
Iroquoian once was a widespread language family in eastern North America and included a number of tribes other than the Haudenosaunee: the HURON (wyandot) and SUSQUEHANNOCK also are classified as NORTHEAST INDIANS, as are a number of smaller tribes, the ERIE, Honniasont, Meherrin, Neusiok (probably Iroquois), NEUTRAL, Nottaway, TIONONTATI, and Wenro. The CHEROKEE, also Iroquoian-speaking, are classified as SOUTHEAST INDIANS.
It has been a mystery among scholars how Iroquoian-speaking peoples came to live in the midst of the more numerous ALGONQUIANS. The Haudenosaunee might have reached their homelands in what now is upstate New York and the Lake Ontario region of Canada from the St. Lawrence River to the north; or from west of the
Mississippi River; or from the south. Or they might have been descendants of an earlier woodland culture, such as the Owasco culture found in various archaeological sites. This last theory, although still unproven, now is the most widely believed.
World History
