CONDITIONS FOR Native American soldiers in World War II had improved over those during World War I. Perhaps that was because things were slowly changing at home. When the Choctaw code talkers were fighting in World War I, the United States government didn’t even recognize them as citizens. Congress eventually granted citizenship to Native Americans in 1924, although it would take more than 30 years before all the states permitted Native Americans to vote in state elections.
Another improvement was the Wheeler-Howard Act, also known as the Indian Reorganization Act. It was passed in 1934 to allow Indian nations to return to self-government and restored tribal ownership of the land. Within specific Native American nations, tribal governments and courts were set up and constitutions written. Efforts to resume cultural traditions began.
Another piece of legislation, the Johnson-O’Malley Act, contracted with states to provide education, health care, and welfare programs on reservations. A 1946 Indian Claims Commission looked at claims where native land was lost due to government misconduct. In its 32 years of operation, more than $i billion was returned to Native Americans.
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