Essential overviews are provided in RR, and M. L. Colish, Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition 400-1400 (New Haven and London, 1997), from which Chapter 5 draws much material for its sections on education and learning and literate vernacular culture. R. N. Swanson, The Twelfth-Century Renaissance (Manchester and New York, 1999), is useful too. The Lexikon des Mittelalters (Munich and Zurich, 1977-99) is a first-class reference work. On the question of individualism, see C. Morris, The Discovery of the Individual 1050-1200 (London, 1972), J. F. Benton’s article in RR, 263-95, and C. Walker Bynum, ‘Did the Twelfth Century Discover the Individual?’, in her Jesus as Mother: Studies in the Spirituality of the High Middle Ages (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1982).
R. W. Southern’s article on Paris and Chartres in RR is very good on the development of the schools, as are the two volumes of his Scholastic Humanism and the Unification of Europe (Oxford, 1995, 2001). His Saint Anselm: Portrait of a Landscape (Cambridge, 1990) is a work of art. For a different view on scholastic humanism, see John Marenbon, ‘Humanism, scholasticism, and the School of Chartres’, International Journal of the Classical Tradition 6 (2000), 569-77. See also G. R. Evans, Anselm (Outstanding Christian Thinkers Series; London, 1989), and Anselm of Canterbury, The Prayers and Meditations of St Anselm with the Proslogion, trans. B. Ward (Harmondsworth, 1973). Colish, Medieval Foundations, is excellent on all aspects of education and learning, as is her two-volumed Peter Lombard (Leiden, 1994). Beryl Smalley, The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages (3rd edn., Oxford, 1983), remains essential. For the concept of reason and the position of Jews in the twelfth century, see A. Sapir Abulafia, Jews and Christians in the Twelfth-Century Renaissance (London, 1995). Herrad of Hohenbourg is studied by F. J. Griffiths, ‘Herrad of Hohenbourg: A Synthesis of Learning in The
Garden of Delights, in C. Mews (ed.), Listen Daughter: The Speculum Virginum and the Formation of Religious Women in the Middle Ages (Basingstoke, 2001), 221-343. See also V. I. J. Flint, Honorius Augusto-dunensis of Regensburg (Aldershot, 1995). On the translation of the Aristotelian Corpus, see B. G. Dod, ‘Aristoteles latinus’, in The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy, ed. N. Kretzmann, A. Kenny, and J. Pinborg (Cambridge, 1982), 45-79. John Marenbon provides the latest assessment of Abelard’s philosophy in his The Philosophy of Peter Abelard (Cambridge, 1997); M. T. Clanchy, Abelard: A Medieval Life (Oxford, 1997), says more about Abelard’s social setting and his relationship with Heloise, for which the main source is The Letters of Abelard and Heloise, ed. B. Radice (Harmondsworth, 1974). See also C. J. Mews, The Lost Love Letters of Abelard and Heloise: Perceptions of Dialogue in Twelfth-Century France, with translation by N. Chiavaroli and C. J. Mews (New York, 1999); F. J. Griffiths, Brides and Dominae: Abelard’s Cura monialium at the Augustinian Monastery of Marbach’, Viator 34 (2003), 57-88, and ‘“Men’s duty to provide for women’s needs”: Abelard, Heloise, and their negotiation of the cura monialium’, Journal of Medieval History 30 (2004), 1-24. For Peter the Chanter, see J. W. Baldwin, Masters, Princes, and Merchants. The social views of Peter the Chanter and his Circle (Princeton, 1970). On the development of science, see T. Stiefel, The Intellectual Revolution in Twelfth-Century Europe (London and Sydney, 1985). Studies on the development of the universities include S. C. Ferruolo, The Origins of the University: The Schools of Paris and their Critics, 11001215 (Stanford, 1985); O. Pedersen, The First Universities, trans. R. North (Cambridge, 1997); H. De Ridder-Symoens (ed.), Universities in the Middle Ages (A History of the University in Europe, ed. W. Ruegg, vol. 1; Cambridge, 1992); and J. van Engen (ed.), Learning Institutionalized: Teaching in the Medieval University (Notre Dame, IN, 2000), in which the articles by J. Verger (syllabus and degrees) and J. A. Brundage (canon law) are particularly useful. See also J. Verger, ‘The Universities and Scholasticism’, NCMH v. 256-76. Anders Winroth, The Making of Gratian’s Decretum (Cambridge, 2000) has revolutionised all thinking on the study of law in general and Gratian in particular. For Aquinas, J. A. Weisheipl, Friar Thomas D’Aquino: His Life, Thought, and Works (Oxford, 1974), is still a good read. For Grosseteste, see R. W. Southern, Robert Grosseteste: The Growth of an English Mind in Medieval Europe (2nd edn., Cambridge, 1992). In general, see also G. Leff, Medieval Thought from St Augustine to Ockham (Harmondsworth, 1985).
On historical writing, see Peter Classen’s article in RR. D. Hay, Annalists and Historians: Western Historiography from the Eighth to the Eighteenth Centuries (London, 1977), is also useful. R. W. Southern’s four-part overview, ‘Aspects of the European Tradition of Historical Writing’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 20 (1970), 173-96; 21 (1971), 159-79; 22 (1972), 159-80; 23 (1973), 243-63, is full of valuable insights. See also P. J. Geary, Phantoms of Remembrance: Memory and oblivion at the end of the First Millennium (Princeton, NJ, 1994); H. W. Goetz, Geschichtsschreibung und Ges-chichtsbewusstsein im Mittelalter (Berlin, 1999); E. van Houts Local and Regional Chronicles. Typologies des Sources du Moyen Age Occidental 74 (Turnhout, 1995), and Memory and Gender in Medieval Europe 900-1200 (Basingstoke, 1999); and R. Chazan, God, Humanity and History: The Hebrew First Crusade Narratives (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2000).
On vernacular culture, see Colish, Medieval Foundations, and the works she lists there. R. W. Southern’s treatment of epic and romance in The Making of the Middle Ages (London, 1953) continues to be important. J. Bumke, Courtly Culture: Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages, trans. T. Dunlap (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1991), is essential reading. Elisabeth van Houts, ‘The State of Research: Women in Medieval History and Literature’, Journal of Medieval History, 20 (1994), 277-92, gives a good overview of publications about women and literature. Peter Dronke’s work on Latin and vernacular literature is seminal: among his many publications see his article in RR and his books The Medieval Lyric (2nd edn., London, 1978) and Women Writers of the Middle Ages: A Critical Study of Texts from Perpetua (d. 203) to Marguerite Porete (d. 1310) (New York, 1984). See also S. Kay, The Chansons de Geste in the Age of Romance: Political Fictions (Oxford, 1995), and D. H. Green, The Beginnings of Medieval Romance: Fact and Fiction, 1150-1220 (Cambridge, 2002). On the concepts of ‘Renaissance’ and ‘humanism’, see RR and R. W. Southern, Medieval Humanism and other Studies (Oxford, 1970). For art and architecture, useful introductions include G. Zarnecki, Art of the Medieval World (New York, 1975); V. Sekules, Medieval Art (Oxford, 2001); H. E. Kubach, Romanesque Architecture (New York, 1975);
C. Wilson, The Gothic Cathedral (London, 1990); and N. Coldstream,
Medieval Architecture (Oxford, 2002), which offers a thought-provoking challenge to the conventional schemes of architectural history. For the various texts mentioned in this chapter, see also the recommendations above (Sources).
World History
