Introduction

There is a plethora of fine studies concerning the kingdoms and regions of Europe. For Iberia, southern Italy and Sicily, east-central and northern Europe, and the ‘crusader states’, see the recommendations for Chapter 6 below. For Byzantium, see M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire, 1025-1204: A Political History (2nd edn., London and New York, 1998). Useful works concerning Germany include T. Reuter, Germany in the Early Middle Ages c.800-1056 (London and New York, 1991), chs. 6-9; Alfred Haverkamp, Medieval Germany 1056-1273, trans. H. Braun and R. Mortimer (2nd edn., Oxford, 1992); B. Arnold, Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany (Cambridge, 1991), and Medieval Germany 500-1300 (Basingstoke, 1997). For prophecies concerning the ‘last emperor’, see B. McGinn, Visions of the End: Apocalyptic Traditions in the Middle Ages (New York, 1979). For Italy, see Italy in the Central Middle Ages, ed. D. Abulafia (Oxford, 2004), and D. Abulafia, The Western Mediterranean Kingdoms 1200-1500 (London and New York, 1997). For France, see J. Dunbabin, France in the Making, 843-1180 (2nd edn., Oxford, 2000); E. Hallam, Capetian France, 987-1328, rev. J. A. Everard (London, 2001); France in the Central Middle Ages, ed. M. Bull (Oxford, 2002); and, for the south, L. Paterson, The World of the Troubadours (Cambridge, 1993). Many studies in English concern regions ruled by the Norman and Plantagenet kings: see, most recently, C. Harper-Bill and E. M. C. van Houts (eds.), Companion to the Anglo-Norman World (Woodbridge, 2003), and J. Gillingham, The Angevin Empire (2nd edn., London, 2001). For the British Isles, see D. Carpenter, The Struggle for Mastery: Britain 1066-1284 (London, 2003), and the many works of R. R. Davies, including The First English Empire: Power and Identities in the British Isles 1093-1343 (Oxford, 2000); surveys of individual countries include M. T. Clanchy, England and Its Rulers, 1066-1307 (2nd edn., Oxford, 1998); R. Bartlett, England under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075-1225 (Oxford, 2000); R. R. Davies, The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063-1415 (Oxford, 1991); G. W. S. Barrow, Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000-1306 (2nd edn., London, 1989); B. Webster, Medieval Scotland: The Making of an Identity (Basingstoke, 1997); A. Cosgrove (ed.), New History of Ireland, ii. 1169-1534 (2nd edn., Oxford, 1993); and S. Duffy, Ireland in the Middle Ages (Basingstoke, 1997). For identities and for Europe as a geographical concept, see Bartlett, Making of Europe, 269-91; S. Forde, L. Johnson, and A. V. Murray (eds.), Concepts of National Identity in the Middle Ages (Leeds, 1995); and A. P. Smyth (ed.), Medieval Europeans: Studies in Ethnic Identity and National Perspectives in Medieval Europe (Basingstoke, 1998).

For ‘mutationism’, the epoch-making work was Georges Duby, La Societe aux XIe etXIIe siecles dans la region maconnaise (Paris, 1953); translated extracts are in Fredric L. Cheyette (ed.), Lordship and

Community in Medieval Europe (New York, 1968), 137-55. More controversial is G. Bois, The Transformation of the Year One Thousand, trans. J. Birrell (Manchester, 1992); for critiques (in French), see the articles collected in Medievales, 21 (Autumn 1993). For recent debates concerning the ‘transformation of the year 1000’, see T. Bisson, ‘The “Feudal Revolution” ’, Past and Present, 144 (1994), 6-42; the comments by D. Barthelemy, S. D. White, T. Reuter, and C. Wickham, and Bisson’s rejoinder, in ibid. 152 (1996), 196-223; 155 (1997), 177-225; also J.-P. Poly and E. Bournazel, The Feudal Transformation 900-1200, trans. C. Higgitt (New York, 1991); D. Barthelemy, La Mutation de I’an mil: A-t-il eu lieu? (Paris, 1997); D. Bates, ‘England and the “Feudal Revolution” ’, in Il feudalesimo nell’alto medioevo (Spoleto, 2000), ii., 611-49; and Warren C. Brown and Piotr Gorecki (eds.), Conflict in Medieval Europe (Aldershot, 2003) (articles by Stephen D. White and Fredric L. Cheyette). For the mutation documentaire (‘transformation of the sources’), see P. Geary, Phantoms of Remembrance (Princeton, 1994), and O. Guyotjeannin, ‘ “Penuria scriptorum”: Le Mythe de l’anarchie documentaire dans la France du nord (Xe-premiere moitie du XIe siecle)’, Bibliotheque de l’Ecole des Chartes, 155 (1997), 11-44.

For the expansion of Latin Christendom, see the recommendations for Chapter 6 below; for ‘frontiers’, see R. Bartlett and R. MacKay (eds.), Medieval Frontier Societies (Oxford, 1989); D. Power and N. Standen (eds.), Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Borderlands 700-1700 (Basingstoke, 1999), especially 1-12; D. Abulafia and N. Berend (eds.), Medieval Frontiers: Concepts and Practices (Aldershot, 2002); and, for ‘internal’ colonization, William H. TeBrake, Medieval Frontier (College Station, TX, 1985). William C. Jordan, The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the Early Fourteenth Century (Princeton, 1996), addresses the relationship between society and the environment far more generally than for the events of 1315-22 alone.