King Henry the Seventh did not turn out to be as fine a fellow as the nobility and people hoped, in the first joy of their deliverance from Richard the Third. He was very cold, crafty, and calculating, and would do almost anything for money. He possessed considerable aoility, but his chief merit appears to have been that he was not cruel when there was nothing to be got by it.
The new King had promised the nobles who had espoused his cause that he would marry the Princess Elizabeth of York. The first thing he did was to direct her to be removed from the castle of Sheriff Hutton in Yorkshire, where Richard had placed her, and restored to the care of her mother in London. The young Earl of Warwick, Edward Plantagenet, son and heir of the late Duke of Clarence, had been kept a prisoner in the same old Yorkshire Castle with her. This boy, who was now fifteen, the new King placed in the Tower for safety. Then he came to London in great state, and gratified the people with a fine procession; on which kind of show he often very much relied for keeping them in good humour. The sports and feasts which took place were followed by a terrible fever, called the Sweating Sickness, of which great numbers of people died.
The King's coronation was postponed on account of the general ill-health, and he afterwards deferred his marriage, as if he were not very anxious that it should take place: and, even after that, deferred the Queen's coronation so long that he gave offence to the York party. However, he set these things right in the end, by hanging some men and seizing on the rich possessions of others; by granting more popular pardons to the followers of the late King than could, at first, be got from him; and, by employing about his Court, some not very scrupulous persons who had been employed in the previous reign.
This reign was principally remarkable for two very curious impostures which have become famous in history.
There was a priest at Oxford of the name of Simons, who had for a pupil a handsome boy named Lambert Simnel, the son of a baker. Partly to gratify his own ambitious ends, and partly to carry out the designs of a secret party formed against the King, this priest declared that his pupil, the boy, was no other than the young Earl of Warwick, who (as everybody might have known) was safely locked up in the Tower of London. The priest and the boy went over to Ireland, and, at Dublin, enlisted in their cause all ranks of the people, who seem to have been generous enough, but exceedingly irrational. The Earl of Kildare, the governor of Ireland, declared that he believed the boy to be what the priest represented; and the boy, who had been well tutored by the priest, told them such things of his childhood, and gave them so many descriptions of the Royal Family, that they were perpetually drinking his health to express their belief in him. The Earl of Lincoln — whom the late usurper had named as his successor — went over to the young Pretender; and, after holding a secret correspondence with the Dowager Duchess of Burgundy — the sister of Edward the Fourth, who detested the present King and all his race - sailed to
Dublin with two thousand German soldiers of her providing. The boy was crowned there, with a crown taken off the head of a statue of the Virgin Mary.
Ten days afterwards, the Germans, and the Irish, and the priest, and the boy, and the Earl of Lincoln, all landed in Lancashire to invade England. The King, who had good intelligence of their movements, set up his standard at Nottingham, where vast numbers resorted to him every day; while the Earl of Lincoln could gain but very few. With his small force he tried to make for the town of Newark; but as the King's army got between him and that place, he had no choice but to risk a battle at Stoke. It soon ended in the complete destruction of the Pretender's forces, one half of whom were killed; among them, the Earl himself. The priest and the baker's boy were taken prisoners. The priest, after confessing the trick, was shut up in prison, where he afterwards died. The boy was taken into the King's kitchen and made a turnspit. He was afterwards raised to the station of one of the King's falconers.
There seems reason to suspect that the Dowager Queen — always a restless and busy woman — had had some share in tutoring the baker's son. The King was very angry with her. He seized upon her property, and shut her up in a convent.
One might suppose that the end of this story would have put the Irish people on their guard; but they were quite ready to receive a second impostor, as they had received the first, and that same troublesome Duchess of Burgundy soon gave them the opportunity. All of a sudden there appeared at Cork, in a vessel arriving from Portugal, a young man of excellent abilities, of very handsome appearance and most winning manners, who declared himself to be Richard, Duke of York, the second son of King Edward the Fourth.
King Henry was on bad terms with France then, so the French king Charles the Eighth saw that, by pretending to believe in the handsome young man, he could trouble his enemy sorely. So, he invited him over to the French Court, and appointed him a body-guard, and treated him in all respects as if he really were the Duke of York. Peace, however, being soon concluded between the two Kings, the pretended Duke was turned adrift, and wandered for protection to the Duchess of Burgundy. She declared him to be the very picture of her dear departed brother, gave him a body-guard at her Court, of thirty halberdiers, and called him by the sounding name of the White Rose of England.
The leading members of the White Rose party in England sent over an agent, named Sir Robert Clifford, to ascertain whether the White Rose's claims were good, and the King also sent over his agents to inquire into the Rose's history. The White Roses declared the young man to be really the Duke of York; the King declared him to be Perkin Warbeck, the son of a Flamish merchant, who had acquired his knowledge of England, its language and manners, from the English merchants who traded in Flanders; it was also stated by the King's agents that he had been in the service of Lady Brompton, the wife of an exiled English nobleman, and that the Duchess of Burgundy had caused him to be trained and taught, expressly for this deception. The King then required the Archduke Philip — who was the sovereign of Burgundy — to banish this new Pretender, or to deliver him up; but, as the Archduke replied that he could not control the Duchess in her own land, the King, in revenge, took the market of English cloth away from Antwerp, and prevented all commercial intercourse between the two countries.
Perkin Warbeck kept quiet for three years; but, as the Flemings began to complain heavily of the loss of their trade by the stoppage of the Antwerp market on his account, and as it was not unlikely that they might even go so far as to take his life, or give him up, he found it necessary to do something. Accordingly he made a desperate saliy, and landed, with only a few hundred men, on the British coast.
But he was soon glad to get back to the place from whence he came; for the country people rose against his followers, killed a great many, and took a hundred and fifty prisoners, who were all driven to London, tied together with ropes, like a team of cattle. All of them were hanged on some part or other of the sea-shore; in order, that if any more men should come over with Perkin Warbeck, they might see the bodies as a warning before they landed.
Then the King, by making a treaty of commerce with the Flemings, drove Perkin Warbeck out of that country; and, by completely gaining over the Irish to his side, deprived him of that asylum too. He wandered away to Scotland, and told his story at that Court. King James the Fourth of Scotland, who was no friend to King Henry and had no reason to be (for King Henry had bribed his Scotch lords to betray him more than once, but had never succeeded in his plots), gave him a great reception, called him his cousin, and gave him in marriage the. Lady Catherine Gordon, a beautiful and charming creature related to the royal house of Stuart.
Alarmed by this successful reappearance of the Pretender, the King tried to procure the Pretender to be delivered up to him. James would not betray him; and the ever-busy Duchess of Burgundy so provided him with arms, and good soldiers, and with money besides, that he had soon a little army of fifteen hundred men of various nations. With these, and aided by the Scottish King in person, he crossed the border into England, and made a proclamation to the people, in which he called the King "Henry Tudor", offered large rewards to any who should take or distress him, and announced himself as King Richard the Fourth. His faithful subjects, however, cared nothing for him, and hated his troops, who, being of different nations, quarrelled also among themselves. Worse than this, they began to plunder the country, upon which the White Rose said that he would rather lose his rights, than gain diem through the miseries of the English people. The Scottish King made a jest of his scruples, but they and their whole force went back again without fighting a battle.
The worst consequence of this attempt was the rising that took place among the people of Cornwall, who considered themselves too heavily taxed to meet the charges of the expected war. Stimulated by Flammock, a lawyer, and Joseph, a blacksmith, and joined by Lord Audley and some other country gentlemen, they marched on all the way to Deptford Bridge, where they fought a battle with the King's anny. They were defeated — though the Cornish men fought with great bravery — and the lord was beheaded, and the lawyer and the blacksmith were hanged, drawn, and quartered. The jrest. were pardoned. The King, who thought that money could settle anything, allowed them to make bargains for their liberty with the soldiers who had taken them.
Perkin Warbeck, doomed to wander up and down, lost his Scottish refuge through a truce being made between the two Kings. But James (always honourable and true to him, even when that cause was lost and hopeless) did not conclude the treaty, until he had safely departed out of the Scottish dominions. He, and his beautiful wife, who was faithful to him under all reverses, and left her state and home to follow his poor fortunes, were put aboard ship with everything necessary for their comfort and protection, and sailed for Ireland.
But, the Irish people had had enough of counterfeit Earls of Warwick and Dukes of York, and would give the White Rose no aid. So, the While Rose resolved to go with his beautiful wife to Cornwall, and see what might be made of the Cornish men, who had fought so bravely at Deptford Bridge.
In Cornwall Perkin Warbeck shut up his wife for safety in the Castle of St. Michael's Mount, and then marched into Devonshire at the head of three thousand Cornish men. These were increased to six thousand by the time of his arrival in Exeter; but, there the people made a. stout. resistance, and he went on to Taunton, where he came in sight of the King's army. The stout Cornish men, although they were few in number, and badly armed, were so boJd, that they never thought of retreating, but bravely looked forward to a battle. Unhappily for them, the man who attracted so many people to his side was not as brave as they. In the night, when the two armies lay opposite to each other, he mounted a swift horse and fled. In the morning, having discovered that they had no leader, the Cornish men surrendered to the King's power. Some of them were hanged, and the rest were pardoned and went miserably home.
Before the King pursued Perkin Warbeck to the sanctuary of Beaulieu in the New Forest, where it was soon known that he had taken refuge, he sent a body of horsemen to St. Michael's Mount, to seize his wife. She was soon taken and brought as a captive before the King. But she was so beautiful, and so good, and so devoted to the man in whom she believed, that the King regarded her with compassion, treated her with great respect, and placed her at Court, near the Queen's person. And many years after Perkin Warbeck was no more, and when his strange story had become like a nursery tale, people called her the White Rose in remembrance of her beauty.
The sanctuary at Beaulieu was soon surrounded by the King's men; and the King sent pretended friends to Perkin Warbeck to persuade him to come out and surrender himself. This he soon did. The King directed him to be well mounted, and to ride behind him at a little distance, guarded, but not bound in any way. So they entered London, and some of the people hooted as the Pretender rode slowly through the streets to the Tower. But the greater part were quiet, and very curious to see him. From the Tower, he was taken to the Palace at Westminster, and there lodged like a gentleman, though closely watched.
At last Perkin Warbeck ran away, and took refuge in another sanctuary near Richmond in Surrey. From this he was again persuaded to deliver himself up, and, being conveyed to London, he stood in the stocks for a whole day, outside Westminster Hall, and there read a paper purporting to be his full confession, and relating his history as the King's agents had originally described it. He was then shut up in the
Tower again, in the company of the Earl of Warwick, who had now been there for fourteen years. A plot was soon discovered between them and the keepers, to murder the Governor, get possession of the keys, and proclaim Perkin Warbeck as King Richard the Fourth. That there was such plot, is likely; that they were tempted into it, is at least as likely; that the unfortunate Earl of Warwick — last male of the Plantagenet line — was too unused to the world, and too ignorant and simple to know much about it, is perfectly certain; and that it was the King's interest to get rid of him, is no less so. He was beheaded on Tower Hill, and Perkin Warbeck was hanged at Tyburn.
Such was the end of the pretended Duke of York. If he had turned his great natural advantages to a more honest account, he might have lived a happy and respected life, even in those days. But he t'ied upon a fallows at Tyburn, leaving the Scottish lady, who had loved him so well, kindly protected at the Queen's Court. After some time she forgot her old loves and troubles, and married a Welsh gentleman, Sir Matthew Cradoc.
The ill-blood between France and England in this reign arose out of the continued plotting of the Duchess of Burgundy, and disputes respecting the affairs of Brittany. The King feigned to be very patriotic, indignant, and warlike; but he always contrived so as never to make war in reality, and always to make money. His taxation of the people, on pretence of war with France, involved, at one time, a very dangerous insurrection, headed by Sir John Egremont, and a common man called John a Chambre. But it was subdued by the Royal forces, under the command of the Earl of Surrey. John Egremont escaped to the Duchess of Burgundy, and the other John was hanged at York, in the midst of a number of his men, but on a much higher gibbet, as being a greater traitor.
Within a year after her marriage, the Queen had given birth to a son, who was called Prince Arthur in remembrance
Of the old British prince of romance and story. When Arthur was fifteen, he was married to Catherine, the daughter of the Spanish monarch. But in a very few months he sickened and died.
As soon as the King had recovered from his grief, he thought it a pity that the fortune of the Spanish Princess, amounting to two hundred thousand crowns, should go out of the family, and therefore arranged that the young widow should marry his second son Henry, then twelve years of age, when he too should be fifteen. There were objections to this marriage on the part of the clergy, but the Pope helped to settle the business. The King's eldest daughter was married to the Scottish King.
And now the Queen died. When the King had got over that grief too, he thought of marrying the Dowager Queen of Naples or the Dowager Duchess of Savoy, or the widow of the King of Castile. But he married neither.
The Duchess of Burgundy, among the other discontented people to whom she had given refuge, had sheltered Edmund de La Pole, Earl of Suffolk. The King had prevailed upon him to return to the marriage of Prince Arthur; but, he soon afterwards went away again. Then the King, suspecting a conspiracy, resorted to his favourite plan of sending him some treacherous friends, and buying of those scoundrels the secrets they disclosed or invented. Some arrests and executions took place in consequence. In the end, the King, on a promise of not taking his life, obtained possession of the person of Edmund de La Pole, and shut him up in the Tower.
This was his last enemy, as Death ended the King's reign. He died of the gout, on the twenty-second of April, 1509, and in the fifty-third year of his age, after reigning twenty-four years. He was buried in the beautiful Chapel of Westminster Abbey, which he had himself founded.
It was in this reign that the great Christopher Columbus, on behalf of Spain, discovered what was then called The New World. Great wonder, interest, and hope of wealth being awakened in England thereby, the King and the merchants of
London and Bristol fitted out an English expedition for further discoveries in the New World, and entrusted it to Sebastian Cabot, of Bristol, the son of a Venetian pilot there. He was very successful in his voyage, and gained high reputation, both for himself and England.
World History
