(1188-1252). At the age of twelve, Blanche of Castile, the daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile, was married to Prince Louis of France, who would reign briefly as Louis VIII (1223-26). Louis’s early death while on the Albigensian Crusade left the throne to their young son, Louis IX. The regency was entrusted not to a male relative or a council of barons but to Blanche.
In the first years of her regency, Blanche was confronted with armed rebellions intended to displace her and with the serious possibility of a reversal of French successes in the southern lands that had been conquered in the Albigensian Crusade. She triumphed in both cases. Gifted with an iron will and clever in her ability to cultivate allies but careful not to link her fortunes too closely to any baronial house, such as the house of Champagne, through a hasty remarriage, she pursued a policy of divide-and-conquer against the rebellious barons. Their uprisings and shows of force never achieved a decision in their favor. Blanche’s success against the baronial opposition in the north was both cause and effect of her maintenance of French dominance in the south. The swiftness and decisiveness of her actions against the northerners induced the southern nobles to negotiate their grievances; and the army that had been left in the south at her husband’s death remained, despite some difficulties, loyally commanded and in firm control. By 1229 and the Treaty of Meaux-Paris, the opposition in Languedoc acknowledged its defeat. The prestige of victory in the south encouraged loyalty and support in the north when the crown had to respond to new baronial demonstrations against it in the 1230s led by, among others, the titular count of Brittany, Pierre Mauclerc.
Blanche’s regency was distinguished by a balanced foreign policy. On the one hand, the traditional enemy, the English, never effectively made inroads into those provinces, like Normandy, that they had lost in 1204. On the other hand, she made no concerted effort to eject the English from their remaining territories in Aquitaine. In the war of words and sometimes of men between the emperor Frederick II and the papacy, she kept to a neutral path.
In the later 1230s down to 1244, Blanche’s role in government gradually diminished. Her son reached adulthood, married, and became more active, especially in military affairs. This translation of power was not entirely easy. There was mutual dislike between
Blanche and her son’s wife, Marguerite of Provence; Blanche also vigorously opposed Louis’s decision in 1244 to take the crusader’s vow. Nonetheless, she remained a close political adviser to the king, far closer than his wife, and Louis entrusted the reins of government to Blanche when he embarked on crusade in 1248.
As a deeply devout and morally strict woman, an enthusiastic patroness of the church, especially the Cistercian order, and a Castilian who grew up in an environment of fierce commitment to the holy war of reconquest in Spain, Blanche’s opposition to her son’s crusade remains something of a puzzle. But however she felt about his enterprise in the abstract, she devoted her full energies to making certain that he was well supplied and that he need not trouble himself about governance at home while he fought in the East. She managed to negotiate a two-year extension of the clerical income tax of one-tenth in order both to finance the war effort and to replenish the king’s coffers after the disastrous early phase of the crusade that saw Louis captured and ransomed in Egypt. She acted with her characteristic firmness in 1249, on the death of the count of Toulouse, when a movement took shape to turn aside the settlement of 1229 that designated her son Alphonse to be the new count of Toulouse. She thought well of the so-called Pastoureaux (1251), Flemish and northern French rustics who proclaimed themselves crusaders determined to rescue and otherwise aid the king. But when bands of these forces rioted in Paris and pillaged other towns, it was she who authorized and oversaw their destruction. Blanche died in November 1252. When her son, still in the Holy Land, received the news some months later, he succumbed to a grief so profound that it troubled all who knew and loved him.
William Chester Jordan
[See also: LOUIS VIII; LOUIS IX]
Sivery, Gerard. Blanche de Castille. Paris: Fayard, 1990.
World History
