GENERAL

Most of East Central European histories cover all the region, the Balkans included. Oscar Halecki, Borderlands of Western Civilization (New York, 1952) is superior to the newer Leslie C. Tihany, A History of Middle Europe from the Earliest Times to the Age of the World Wars (New Brunswick, NJ, 1976), while Francis Dvornik, The Slavs in European History and Civilization (New Brunswick, NJ, 1962) treats the period from the thirteenth to the eighteenth centuries and includes Russia. Antoni MaDczak, Henryk Samsonowicz, and Peter Burke (eds), East Central Europe in Transition from the Fourteenth to the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge and Paris,

1985) is a collection of specialized studies. More popular is Robin Okey, Eastern Europe 1740-1980 (Minneapolis, Minn., 1982). Alan Palmer, The Lands Between: A History of East Central Europe since the Congress of Vienna (New York, 1970) is useful. E. Garrison Walters, The Other Europe: Eastern Europe to 1945 (Syracuse, NY, 1987) is somewhat elementary. R. A.Kann and Z. V.David, The Peoples of the Eastern HabsburgLands 1526-1918 (Seattle, Wash., 1984), the short study by Victor S. Mamatey, Rise of the Habsburg Empire 1526-1815 (Huntington, NY, 1978), and Victor Tapie’sexcellent The Rise and Fall of the Habsburg Monarchy (New York, 1971) are most relevant. The recent additions include: Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries, A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change (London, 1998)—a very useful and fairly detailed survey; Lonnie R. Johnson, Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends (New York, 1996) which includes Germany, and Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteluropas in vergleichender Absicht, ed. by Frank Hadler, (Leipzig, 1998) which offers valuable comparisons. The magistral two volume Historia Europy Srodkowo-Wschodniej (Lublin, 2000) by N. Alksium, D. Beauvois, M. E.Ducreux, J. Kloczowski, H. Samsonowicz and P. Wandycz is forthcoming in a French translation.

A sociological interpretation is provided by Aleksander Gella, Development of Class Structure in Eastern Europe: Poland and her Southern Neighbors (New York, 1989). See also Daniel Chirot (ed.), The Origins of Backwardness in Eastern Europe: Economics and Politics from the Middle Ages until the Early Twentieth Century (Berkeley, Calif., 1989). Andrew C. Janos, East Central Europe in the

Modern World (Stanford, CA, 2000) examines dynamics of political change with emphasis on backwardness and continuity.

Some pertinent documents can be found in Stephen Fischer-Galati (ed.), Man, State and Society in East European History (New York, 1970) and in A. J. Bannan and A. Edelenyi (eds), Documentary History of Eastern Europe (New York, 1970). More limited in scope, but more valuable are: C. A.Macartney (ed.), The Habsburg and Hohenzollern Dynasties in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (London, 1970), and Manfred Kridl, Wladyslaw Malinowski, and Jozef Witlin (eds), For Your Freedom and Ours: Polish Progressive Spirit through the Ages (New York, 1943). A revised and extended version edited by Krystyna Olszer was published in 1980. A volume that complements it is: M. B.Biskupski and J. S. Pula (eds), Polish Democratic Thought from the Renaissance to the Great Emigration (Boulder, Colo., 1970).

Among the relatively numerous histories of Poland, W. F.Reddaway et al., The Cambridge History of Poland, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1941, 1950) reflects the prewar scholarship and Stefan Kieniewicz et al., History of Poland (Warsaw, 1979) provides the postwar academic thought. Norman Davies, God’s Playground: A History of Poland, 2 vols (New York, 1981) and The Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland (New York, 1984) are particularly worth mentioning. Adam Zamoyski, The Polish Way: A Thousand-year History of the Poles and their Culture (New York, 1988) should appeal to the general reader. J. K.Fedorowicz (ed.), A Republic of Nobles: Studies in Polish History to 1864 (Cambridge, 1982) brings together essays by specialists. Piotr S. Wandycz, United States and Poland (Cambridge, Mass., 1980) is designed to acquaint the American reader with the essentials of Polish history. J. Jedruch, Constitutions, Elections and Legislatures of Poland 1493-1977 (Washington, DC, 1982) is a useful reference. The concise M. B.Biskupski, The History of Poland (Westport, CT, 2000) is a welcome addition.

Hungary is almost as well served as Poland with the major postwar volume of Ervin Pamlenyi (ed.), A History of Hungary (Budapest, 1973); Peter Hanak et al., One Thousand Years: A Concise History of Hungary (Budapest, 1988); the prewar Domokos Kosary, A History of Hungary (Cleveland, Ohio, 1941), and

C. A.Macartney. Hungary: A Short History (Edinburgh, 1962). The newest addition is the first-rate Peter F. Sugar (ed.), A History of Hungary (Bloomington, Ind., 1990). The best survey of Czech and Slovak history, despite its age, is R. W.Seton-Watson, A History of the Czechs and Slovaks (London, 1943). S. Harrison Thomson, Czechoslovakia in European History (Princeton, NJ, 1953) is more of an essay. Kamil Krofta, A Short History of Czechoslovakia (New York, 1934) and Josef Polisensky, History of Czechoslovakia: An Outline (London, 1947) are hardly more than surveys. There is a brief comparable survey by Frederick G. Heymann, Poland and Czechoslovakia (Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1966). Derek Sayer, The Coasts of Bohemia (Princeton, NJ, 1998) is an intriguing historical essay strong on Czech culture, while Mikulas Teich, ed., Bohemia in History (New York, Cambridge, 1998) provides a discussion of key periods by leading scholars.

Stanko Guldescu contributed History of Medieval Croatia (The Hague, 1964) and The Croatian-Slavonian Kingdom 1526-1792 (The Hague, 1970). Stephen Gazi, A History of Croatia (New York, 1973) is more popular. For a survey of the Slovak past see Jozef Lettrich, History of Modern Slovakia (New York, 1955) and Stanislav J. Kirschbaum, A History of Slovakia (New York, 1995). There is no scholarly history of Lithuania in English. C. R.Jurgela, History of the Lithuanian Nation (New York, 1948) is hardly satisfactory. Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: A History (Toronto, 1988) and Paul Magocsi, A History of Ukraine (Toronto, 1996) are the most recent syntheses. There is no comprehensive study of the Germans in East Central European history in English. Those in German include Gunther Stokl, Osteuropa und die Deutsche: Geschichte und Gegenwart einer spannungsreichen Nachbarschaft (Stuttgart, 1982) and the more recent Lothar Dralle, Die Deutschen in Ostmittel-und Osteuropa: ein Jahrtausend europaischer Geschichte (Darmstadt, 1991). The collective analysis edited by Ewa Kobylinska, Andreas Lawaty, Rudiger Stephen, Deutsche und Polen. 100 Schlusselbegriffe (Munchen, 1992) offers fascinating insights. Salo Baron, A Social and Religious History of the Jews, 18 vols (New York, 1952-83) has sections that deal with East Central Europe. Bernard Weinryb, The Jews of Poland: A Social and Economic History of the Jewish Community in Poland from 1100 to 1800 (Philadelphia, Pa, 1972) is excellent, as is the essay by Aleksander Hertz, Jews in Polish Culture (Evanston, 111., 1988). Randolph L. Brahan, Hungarian Jewish Studies 2 vols (New York, 1966) contains much useful material and so does William O. McCagg, A History of Habsburg Jews (Bloomington, Ind., 1989).