Acknowledgments v Introduction 1
Part 1. Prehistoric Fortifications
The Celts................... |
. . .5 |
Hill Forts in Scotland....... |
. . .25 |
Hill Forts and Oppida........ |
. . .8 |
Hill Forts in Ireland......... |
. . .33 |
Hill Forts in England |
Other Forms of Fortifications. , |
. . .38 | |
And Wales................ |
. . 25 |
Aftermath................. |
. . .51 |
Part 2. Roman Fortifications in Britain a. d. 43-409 | |||
The Roman Empire |
Britannia.................. |
. . 62 | |
And Its Army.............. |
. . 53 |
Camps and Forts........... |
. . 64 |
Roman Engineering Corps. . . . |
. . 55 |
Roman Urban Fortifications. . |
. . 89 |
Part 3. Early Medieval Fortifications a. d. 409-1066 | |||
Anglo-Saxon Invasion........ |
. . 99 |
Burhs...................... |
, . 108 |
Danish Invasions............ |
. 102 |
Siege Warfare............... |
, . 115 |
Dikes...................... |
. 104 |
Aftermath.................. |
, . 116 |
Part 4. Norman Castles 1066-1154 | |||
The Normans and England. . . . |
. 117 |
Shell-Keeps................. |
. 129 |
Norman Military Architecture. |
. 122 |
Stone Keeps................. |
. 133 |
Motte-and-Bailey Castles..... |
. 124 |
Aftermath.................. |
, . 158 |
Part 5. Early Plantagenet Fortifications 1154-1327
Historical Background........161 Siege Warfare.........
Evolution of Castles in the 12 th and 13th Centuries.........178
Edwardian Castles Aftermath.......
. . 202 . . 230
Part 6. Late Plantagenet Fortifications 1327-1485
Historical Background.........231 Urban Fortifications...........252
Development of Castles in the Tower Houses in the North. . . .281
14th and 15th Centuries.....238
Conclusion..................291
Bibliography 305 Index 307