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22-07-2015, 12:09

THE SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY CRISIS

Several books listed above are also relevant for this chapter. Much of the polemical writings on the crisis is summarized in Theodore E. Rabb, The Struggle for Stability in Early Modern Europe (New York, 1975). Subsequent collective works include Geoffrey Parker and Lesley M. Smith (eds), The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (London, 1978) and Peter Clark (ed.), The European Crisis of the 1650s (London, 1985). An attempt to relate the crisis to East Central Europe is Orest Subtelny, Domination of Eastern Europe: Native Nobilities and Foreign Absolutism 1500-1715 (Toronto, 1986). Economic and social issues are discussed, among others, in Zs. P. Pach, “Diminishing share of East-Central Europe in the 17th century international trade,” Acta Historica, vol. 16 (1970), pp. 289-305, and in Krystyna Kuklinska, “Central European towns and the factors of economic growth in the transition from stagnation to expansion between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,” Journal of European Economic History, vol. 11 (1982), pp. 105-15.

The most recent study of the great conflict is Geoffrey Parker, The Thirty Years War (London, 1984); the most provocative and stimulating is Josef V. Polisensky, The Thirty Years War and the Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (Berkeley, Calif., 1972). His article “The Thirty Years War: Problems of Motive, Extent and Effect,” Historica, vol. 14 (1967), pp. 77-90, is well worth reading. O. Odlozilik, “The nobility of Bohemia 1620-1740,” and V. S.Mamatey, “The Battle of the White Mountain as myth in Czech history” appeared in East European Quarterly, respectively vol. 7, no. 1 (1973), pp. 15-30, and vol. 15, no. 3 (1981), pp. 35-15. Komensky was the object of several studies, to mention Matthew Spinka, John Amos Comenius (Chicago, 1943) and Vratislav Busek (ed.), Comenius (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1972). Connections between the Czech tragedy of the seventeenth century and the present are discussed by Peter Z. Schubert, “Resurgence of the Wallenstein theme in recent Czech literature,” Cross Currents, vol. 3 (1983), pp. 231-8.

Poland’s involvement in the seventeenth-century crisis has produced considerable literature, notably J. A.Gierowski, “The international position of Poland in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,” in above-cited J. K. Fedorowicz (ed.), A

Republic of Nobles, pp. 218-38, W. Czaplinski, “Polish seym in the light of recent research,” Acta Poloniae Historica, vol. 22 (1970), pp. 182-92, and Andrzej Kaminski, “The Szlachta of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and their government,” in Ivo Banac and Paul Bushkovitch (eds), The Nobility in Russia and Eastern Europe (Yale Concilium, New Haven, Conn., 1983), pp. 14-45.

For the Ukrainian problem, see Andrzej Kaminski, “Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its citizens (Was the Commonwealth a stepmother for Cossacks and Ruthenians?),” in Peter J. Potichnyj (ed.), Poland and Ukraine. Past and Present (Edmonton, Alberta, 1980), pp. 32-57, and “The Cossack experiment in Szlachta democracy in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: the Hadiach (Hadziacz) Union,” Harvard Ukrainian Studies, vol. 1, no. 2 (1977), pp. 178-97. Frank

E. Sysyn, Between Poland and the Ukraine: the Dilemma of A. Kysil 1600-1653 (Cambridge, Mass., 1985) deserves mention. George Vernadsky, Bohdan, Hetman of Ukraine (New Haven, Conn., 1941) has not been yet replaced by a more recent study. Z. Wojcik, “Poland and Russia in the 17th century,” Poland at the 14th International Congress of Historical Sciences in San Francisco (Wroclaw, 1975), pp. 13-33, and Peter B. Brown, “Muscovy, Poland, and the seventeenth century crisis,” Polish Review, vol. 28, nos 3-4 (1982), pp. 55-69 are significant.

A. R.Varkonyi, Historical Personality, Crisis and Progress in 17th Century Hungary, Studia Historica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, vol. 71 (Budapest, 1970) brings together a good deal of valuable material. D. G.Kosary, “Gabriel Bethlen, Transylvania in the XVIIth century,” Slavonic Review, vol. 17 (1938-9), pp. 162-73, and Bela Kopeczi, “Ferenc Rakdczi II,” The New Hungarian Quarterly, vol. 61 (1976), pp. 39-57, are among the few biographies in English.