T. S.Brown, Gentlemen and Officers: Imperial Administration and Aristocratic Power in Byzantine Italy 554-800 A. D., London, 1984. P. Llewellyn, Rome in the Dark Ages, London, 1971. T. F.X. Noble, The Republic of Saint Peter, Philadelphia, 1984.
G. Tabacco, The Struggle for Power in Medieval Italy. Structures of Political Rule, Cambridge, 1989.
C. Wickham, Early Medieval Italy, London, 1980.
The Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne
Division of the Carolingian Empire, 843
P. Godman and R. Collins (eds), Charlemagne's Heir: New Perspectives on the Reign of Louis the Pious, Oxford, 1990.
L. Halphen, Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire, Amsterdam, 1977.
R. McKitterick, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, London, 1983.
R. McKitterick (ed.), Carolingian Culture: Emulation and Innovation, Cambridge, 1994.
J. Nelson, Charles the Bald, London, 1992.
P. Riche, The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe, Philadelphia, 1993.
T. Reuter, Germany in the Early Middle Ages, 3001056, London, 1991.
The Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian
Dynasty
H. Ahrweiler, Byzance et la Mer, Paris, 1966.
D. Obolensky, The Byzantine Commonwealth, London, 1971.
G. Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, 2nd edn, Oxford, 1968.
A. Toynbee, Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World, Oxford, 1973.
Vikings
R. T.Farrell (ed.), The Vikings, Chichester, 1982.
J. Jesch, Women in the Viking Age, Woodbridge,
1991.
F. D.Logan, The Vikings in History, 2nd edn, London, 1991.
P. Sawyer, Kings and Vikings, London, 1982.
Magyars
C. A.Macartney, Hungary: A Short History, Edinburgh, 1962.
T. Reuter, Germany in the Early Middle Ages, 3001056, London, 1991.
World History
