Painter
Born in London, the youngest son of the artist John Butler Yeats and the brother of the writer William Butler Yeats, Jack Yeats was born in London, but he spent much of his youth with his mother's relatives in Sligo. He returned to London and studied at the Westminster school of Art and began working as an illustrator for various papers. He married, and he and his artist wife settled in Devon where he completed landscapes in watercolors. He traveled as well to Paris, to the west of Ireland, and to New York, where the col-
William Butler Yeats (Library of Congress)
Lector John Quinn arranged an exhibition of his watercolors. In 1905 John Millington Synge commissioned him to do illustrations for some articles and for his Aran Islands. From then on he settled in Ireland, first at Greystones, County Wicklow, and then in Dublin, and he began doing landscapes in oil that reflected the influence of impressionism. Yeats became a member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1915. Much of his work was based on memory and it increasingly reflected the events and life of the times in which he lived in Ireland. Later his work turned toward expressionism, often of a romantic character and leaning toward fantasy, as colors tended to disregard form. He also wrote plays and novels, such as The Amaranthers (1936) and The Careless Flower (1947), as well Life in the West of Ireland (1912), a collection of his sketches and paintings.
Yeats, WlUlam Butler (1856-1939)
Poet, playwright
Possibly the greatest English-language poet of the 20th century, Yeats was born in Dublin, the son of the artist John Butler Yeats. His mother, Susan Pollexfen, came from a Sligo merchant family. He spent his childhood summers in rural western Ireland. He failed to gain admittance to Trinity College Dublin, but studied at the Metropolitan School of Art. Although from a Protestant background, he became drawn to Irish nationalist circles, being especially influenced by the Fenian John O'Leary, acquiring an infatuation for Maud Gonne, and becoming acquainted with George Russell and Douglas
Hyde. His early work drew from Irish mythological and nationalist themes, as in The Wanderings of Oisin (1889) and The Wind among the Reeds (1899). He moved to London in 1887 and was drawn to the mysticism of Madame Blavatsky's Theosophical Society, attending its seances. His play The Countess Cathleen appeared in Dublin in 1899 and soon after he became a central fixture in the theatrical world of the city as a founder of the Irish Literary Theatre, which later became the Abbey Theatre. His incendiary play Cathleen ni Houlihan appeared in 1902, and he gave much of his energies for the next decade to the theater, although summering at the Galway home of Lady Gregory, Coole Park. Other plays of his during the period include On Baile's Strand (1904), the opening play of the Abbey, and The Death of Cuchulainn. In addition he wrote several volumes of poems, including In the Seven Woods (1903), The Green Helmet (1908), and Responsibilities (1914). He spent the years of the First World War in London, but continued to write of Irish things, including particularly his "Easter 1916." He married Georgie Hyde-Lees in 1917. His later poetry became increasing more personal and of a spiritualist and psychological character. His book A Vision (1925) mixes stories, poems, and prose to comment on history and on personality. Other poems, which some regard as his greatest, include The Tower (1928) and The Winding Stair (1933), which deal with the interrelationship of the feminine and the masculine and with war and peace. Yeats was a member of the Seanad of the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1928 where he was best remembered for his criticism of the prohibition on divorce, which he saw as a Catholic assault on the Anglo-Irish. His views became increasingly aristocratic and skeptical of the excesses of democracy and he was drawn to authoritarian political figures such as Eoin O'Duffy. He received the Nobel Prize in literature in 1923. Ill health necessitated his spending much time in the warmer climate of southern France during the later 1930s, and he died and was buried there, although later reinterned in Drumcliff Churchyard in Sligo, "under Ben Bulben."
Yellow Ford
Yellow Ford was a battle in north County Armagh in 1598 where the Irish under Hugh O'Neill inflicted the greatest defeat of the 16th century on the English forces under Henry Bagenal. The victory gave O'Neill access to the midlands and to his ultimate quest to undo the Munster plantation. Bagenal and many of his officers were killed and only about 1,500 of his force of 4,000 survived the attack by the Irish from the cover of the natural terrain on the advancing English column, which was marching northward to strengthen other positions.
Yelverton's Act
This 1782 act of the Irish parliament asserted Irish parliamentary independence by removing the Poynings' Law requirement that the agenda of the parliament be set by the Privy Council. Legislation passed by both houses of parliament would proceed directly to the monarch for royal assent.
Yeomanry
The Yeomanry was an auxiliary military force of civilians formed in 1796 primarily to counter the United Irishmen and the Defenders. Recruits soon numbered 30,000. They were officered by landlords in rural areas and were organized by professions and trades in cities. Most members were Protestants and they played an important, and brutal, role in suppressing the uprising of 1798. The force remained in existence during the Napoleonic Wars, when they were regarded as a useful deterrent to invasion. Highly sectarian and linked to the Orange Order, it was disbanded in 1834.
Young, Arthur (1741-1820)
Agriculturalist
Born in London, Young took up farming and then began writing about agricultural subjects and his travels to various areas in England. He visited Ireland in 1776 and returned the next year to
Mitchelstown, County Cork, as the agent for Lord Kingborough, and stayed for two years, traveling extensively about the country. He published a report on his visit in 1780. Titled A Tour in Ireland, it was regarded as one of the most informed studies of the country at the time as it gave thorough information on agricultural practices and statistical information. He later wrote a study, Travels in France (1792), which dealt with his visit there at the time of the French Revolution.
Young Ireland
Young Ireland constituted a group of young intellectuals, primarily middle class and including Protestants, who espoused a romantic vision of Irish NATIONALISM comparable to the nationalist movements in existence at the time in various parts of the Continent. Leading figures included Thomas Davis, John Blake Dillon, and Charles Gavan Duffy, and they published a paper, the Nation, which espoused their ideals. They were associated with Daniel O'Connell in the repeal movement of the early 1840s and concurred with his decision to call off the monster meeting scheduled for Clontarf after the government had prohibited it. Differences with O'Connell later developed, partly on the basis of personality as the older leader had a natural suspicion of younger possible rivals, but also over issues such as the Colleges Bill. They supported the measure introduced by Robert Peel to establishing nonsectarian colleges as a means to enhance a nonsectarian Irish identity, while O'Connell sided with the Catholic hierarchy in seeking Catholic institutions as an alternative to Protestant TRINITY College Dublin. Davis died in 1845, but O'Connell then forced an antiviolence resolution through the repeal organization. While not advocating violence, the Young Irelanders did not want to foreclose on its possible use if necessary. O'Connell wanted to make clear his absolute disapproval of such as a prerequisite to an alliance he was formulating with the Whigs, who had returned to power. The next year the Young Ire-landers formed a rival organization, the Irish Confederation. However, even within their ranks there was division between the more moderate Gavan Duffy and William Smith O'Brien and John Mitchel, who advocated radical land reform. By the next year even Smith O'Brien turned radical, inspired by the revolution in France. Soon Mitchel was convicted and sent to transportation in Australia. Smith O'Brien joined with a small number in a futile rising in County Tipperary. Many of the leaders were subjected to transportation. Others escaped and achieved prominence in the united States. Some from the rank and file would start the fenian movement a decade later. While they proved politically ineffective, their writings provided a rhetoric of nationalism and their actions served as a source of emulation for later generations of nationalists, both constitutional and revolutionary.
CHRONOLOGY
8000 B. C.
First people in Ireland.
3000 B. C.
New stone age in Ireland, construction of New Grange.
300 B. C.
Celts arrive in Ireland.
432
Patrick begins his mission to Ireland.
548
Monastery at Clonmacnoise is founded.
558
Brendan founds monastery at Clonfert and later undertakes voyages possibly as far as North America.
563
Columba founds monastery at Iona.
590
Columbanus undertakes mission to Gaul.
598
Kevin founds monastery at Glendalough.
664
Synod of Whitby accepts Roman rather than Irish ecclesiastical style.
795
The beginning of Viking raids on Ireland.
850-77
John Scotus Eriugena teaches at the court of Charles the Bald, the Frankish king.
852
The Norse settle at Dublin.
914
Second wave of Viking raids begin.
1005
Brian Boru visits Armagh and is recognized as High King of Ireland.
1014
Battle of Clontarf in which Brian Boru defeats Vikings and their Irish allies, but is killed himself.
1132-48
Malachy exerts reforming influence on church in Ireland.
1142
First Cistercian house established in Ireland at Mellifont.
1154
Synod of Kells approves church reform.
1169
Strongbow and Normans come to Ireland at request of Dermot MacMurrough, king of Leinster, who wanted assistance in dispute with the king of Breifne and with Rory O'Connor, overlord of Ireland.
1171
Henry II comes to Ireland.
1172
Pope awards Ireland to Henry II.
1175
Treaty of Windsor whereby the Irish High King, Rory O'Connor, acknowledges Henry II as his overlord.
1177
Henry II's son, Prince John, is made lord of Ireland.
1185
Prince John visits Ireland.
1210
King John visits Ireland.
1224
Dominicans (Order of Preachers) come to Ireland.
1230
Franciscans (Order of Friars Minor) come to Ireland.
1282
Augustinian Friars come to Ireland.
1299
Beginning of Irish parliament.
1315-18
Edward Bruce unsuccessfully wages war trying to be king of Ireland.
1348
Black death arrives in Ireland.
1494
Edward Poynings is appointed as lord deputy in Ireland. Pardon is granted to Irish supporters of Warbeck. The Irish parliament approves ”Poyn-ings' Law,” which severely limits its autonomy.
1496
Earl of Kildare replaces Poynings as deputy and marries Elizabeth St. John, a cousin of the king.
1366
Statutes of Kilkenny are passed.
1394-95
King Richard II visits Ireland.
1399
King Richard II again visits Ireland.
1478
Garret Mor, the eighth earl of Kildare, begins the period of Kildare ascendancy.
1485
Richard III is killed at the Battle of Bosworth and is succeeded as king of England by Henry (Tudor) VII.
1487
A pretender, Lambert Simnel, is crowned as king of England in Dublin (May), but is defeated and captured by Henry VII the next month.
First recorded use of firearms in Ireland.
1488
Earl of Kildare (Garret Mor) acquires six handguns for his personal guard.
General pardon is granted to Irish supporters of Simnel, as Irish lords and English lords in Ireland (including Kildare, who remains chief governor) submit to Henry.
1491
Another pretender to the English throne, Perkin Warbeck, arrives in Ireland and originally receives some support from Kildare and Desmond. However, Kildare clears himself by 1493 when he sends his son as hostage to the king.
1497
Control of Irish finances is given to nominees of the Earl of Kildare.
Warbeck comes to Ireland in July, raises supporters who follow him to Cornwall in September, but is defeated and captured in October. He is executed two years later.
1503
The son of the earl of Kildare (Garret Og) marries a royal ward, Elizabeth Zouche.
1506
Henry VII considers invading Ireland with 6,000 men, but does not do so.
1508
Garret Og is appointed treasurer.
1509
Henry VIII succeeds his father on the English throne.
1510
Earl of Kildare again is confirmed as deputy.
1513
Earl of Kildare (Garret Mor) dies from gunshot wounds (September) and is succeeded by his son (Garret Og), who is also appointed deputy (November).
1516
Kildare is reconfirmed as deputy with power to appoint all officials.
1517
Martin Luther presents his 95 theses at Wittenburg: origins of Protestant Reformation.
1520
Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey, as lord lieutenant, arrives in Ireland with 500 men (March), campaigns in Leinster, Ulster, and Munster, inducing the submission of O'Cearbhaill, O'Neill (July), and O'Donnell (August), and McCarthy Mor and McCarthy Reagh (October), while Kildare is forced to remain in London until November.
1521
Surrey proposes plan of thorough conquest of Ireland to Henry VIII (June), even though the king had advised to subdue the Irish lords by ”ami-able persuasions” rather than by ”strength or violence.” When his proposals are not accepted, he requests and receives his recall (December).
1522
Piers Ruadh Butler, the earl of Ormond, becomes deputy (March).
The earl of Desmond communicates with the king of France, Francis I.
1524
Earl of Kildare is reappointed deputy, and the earl of Ormond is appointed treasurer.
1528
Piers Ruadh Butler, the eighth earl of Ormond, is created earl of Ossory, and Thomas Boleyn, son-in-law of the seventh earl of Ormond, becomes earl of Ormond (February) and is made deputy (August).
An envoy of the earl of Desmond negotiates with the Holy Roman Emperor.
1529
Reformation parliament meets at Westminster (November).
1530
William Skeffington is appointed deputy (June).
1531
Henry VIII is recognized as ”supreme head of the Church in England” by convocation at Canterbury (February) and later York (May).
Skeffington invades Ulster and achieves submission of O'Neill (February) and O'Donnell (May).
Earl of Desmond accepts the government (September).
1532
Earl of Kildare (Garret Og) appointed deputy and James Butler, the son of the earl of Ossory, is appointed treasurer (July).
1533
Henry VIII marries Anne, the daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, the earl of Ormond and Wiltshire (January).
Parliament at Westminster approves restraining appeals to Rome (February).
Henry VIII excommunicated by Pope Clement VII (July).
1534
Earl of Kildare, summoned to the court in England, appoints his son Thomas as his deputy (February).
Thomas (”Silken Thomas”) repudiates allegiance to Henry VIII, and the earl of Kildare is imprisoned in the Tower of London (June).
Kildare dies in the Tower and Silken Thomas besieges Dublin (September).
Skeffington is appointed deputy (July) and arrives in Dublin with troops (October).
1535
Skeffington secures support of O'Neill and Ossory and prevents support for Silken Thomas by Desmond and the O'Briens.
Skeffington takes Maynooth castle from Silken Thomas (March).
Silken Thomas surrenders to Skeffington and is taken prisoner to London by Lord Leonard Grey, the marshall of the army (August).
1536
Five uncles of Silken Thomas are sent to England (February).
Grey is appointed deputy, as Skeffington had died the previous December (February).
”Reformation” session of Irish parliament approves attainder of Silken Thomas and his uncles and recognizes Henry VIII as ”supreme head in earth of the whole church in Ireland” and forbids appeals to Rome (May).
1537
Silken Thomas and uncles are executed at Tyburn (February).
Irish parliament approves the suppression of monasteries, and acts against the authority of the bishop of Rome and for the promotion of the English language (October-December).
1538
Piers Butler, the earl of Ossory, is restored as earl of Ormond.
Grey wages a military campaign against the Irish in Offaly, Munster, Connacht, and Ulster that will last for two years.
1540
Grey leaves for England (May).
Sir Anthony St. Leger becomes deputy as part of a new policy of conciliation.
1541
Irish parliament declares the king of England to be the king of Ireland (June).
Grey is executed in the Tower of London (June).
1542
First mission of Jesuits arrives in Ireland (February-March).
Conn O'Neill becomes earl of Tyrone.
1545
Council of Trent opens (December).
1547
Henry VIII dies and is succeeded by his minor son, Edward VI (January). Earl of Hertford becomes protector and is created duke of Somerset (February).
Sir Edward Bellingham is sent with military reinforcements to restore order in Ireland (May).
1548
Bellingham replaces St. Leger as deputy (May).
1549
First Book of Common Prayers ordered to be used in Ireland (June).
Somerset deposed as protector (October).
1550
St. Leger reappointed as deputy (September).
1553
Edward VI dies and is succeeded by his half-sister Mary (July).
1554
Earldom of Kildare is restored to Gerald Fitzgerald, the nephew of Garret Og (May).
Mary I marries Philip (July), the son of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V, who becomes King Philip II of Spain (January 1556).
1556
Thomas Radcliffe (becomes earl of Sussex in February 1557) replaces St. Leger as deputy (May).
1557
Irish parliament approves plantation of Leix and Offaly as Queen's and King's Counties, repeals statutes against the papacy, and declares royal power in Ireland be vested in the queen (June-July).
Sussex campaigns against the O'Connors of Offaly (July) and Shane O'Neill (October).
1558
O'More and O'Connor attacks on Maryborough are blocked (May).
Mary I dies and is succeeded by half sister Elizabeth I (November).
Shane O'Neill, son of the earl of Tyrone, has his illegitimate half-brother Matthew, baron of Dungannon, who was designated successor to the earl of Tyrone, killed (December).
1559
Shane O'Neill succeeds his father Conn, the first earl of Tyrone, in O'Neill lordship (July).
1560
Irish parliament restores royal supremacy in matters ecclesiastical, authorizes the use of the second prayer book of Edward VI, and requires attendance at parish churches under pain of fine (January-February).
Sussex elevated to lord lieutenant (May).
1561
Shane O'Neill proclaimed a traitor and Sussex campaigns against him (June-July).
1562
Shane O'Neill acquiesces to Elizabeth (January).
Brian O'Neill, the second baron of Dungannon, is killed by Turlough O'Neill, the tanist to Shane O'Neill. Brian's brother Hugh is taken to England by Sir Henry Sidney, the vice treasurer (April).
1563
Sussex campaigns against Shane O'Neill, who finally submits (September).
Council of Trent concludes (December).
1564
O'Connors and O'Mores rise in Offaly and Leix (February).
1565
Shane O'Neill defeats the MacDonnells, capturing Sorley Boy McDonnell (May).
Sir Henry Sidney replaces Sussex as lord lieutenant (October).
1566
Shane O'Neill again proclaimed traitor (August).
Sidney campaigns in Ulster (September-November).
1567
Shane O'Neill defeated by Hugh O'Donnell near Letterkenny (May) and is killed by the McDonnells in Antrim (June).
Turlough O'Neill becomes the lord of the O'Neills (June).
Earl of Desmond becomes a prisoner in London (December).
1568
Hugh O'Neill recognized as baron of Dungannon (March).
James Fitzmaurice, as ”captain” of the Desmond Fitzgeralds, attacks Thomas Fitzmaurice, baron of Kerry and Lixnaw (July).
1569
James Fitzmaurice and MacCarthy Mor, the earl of Clancare, and others rebel in Munster, sending envoys to the king of Spain, ravaging leased lands in Cork, and Edmund Butler, brother of the earl of Ormond, rebels in Carlow. Sidney campaigns in Leinster and Munster against both, with Humphrey Gilbert placed in command of Munster operations.
1570
Elizabeth I is excommunicated by Pope Pius V in the bull Regnans in excelsis (February).
Edmund Butler submits (February).
John Perrot appointed president of Munster (December).
1571
Spanish fleet commanded by Don John of Austria defeats Turks at Lepanto (October).
William Fitzwilliam replaces Sidney as deputy (December).
1572
Philip II of Spain rejects proposed invasion of Ireland (January).
Huguenots massacred in Paris (August).
1573
James Fitzmaurice submits to Perrot (February).
Earl of Desmond imprisoned in Dublin (March).
Elizabeth gives the earl of Essex rights to colonize Antrim, and then he is given the “general captaincy” in all Ulster. He is opposed by Brian O'Neill and Turlough O'Neill, but assisted by Hugh O'Neill, earl of Dungannon (July-October).
1574
Although he escaped from imprisonment, Desmond submits to Fitzwilliam (September).
Essex imprisons Brian O'Neill, and he is executed (November).
1575
Although Elizabeth withdraws support for his colonization of Ulster, Essex gains Turlough O'Neill's submission (June) and massacres the inhabitants of Rathlin Island (July).
Sidney returns again and replaces Fitzwilliam as deputy (August).
1576
Sidney establishes four counties in Connacht: Galway, Mayo, Roscommon, and Sligo (April).
1577
Pope Gregory XIII approves an expedition to Ireland by James Fitzmaurice (February).
Massacre of the O'Connors and O'Mores by English soldiers in Mullaghmast, County Kildare (November-December).
1578
Sidney leaves Ireland (September).
1579
James Fitzmaurice arrives in Dingle with papal legate and builds fort, Dun an Oir, at Smerwick (July).
Humphrey Gilbert is commissioned to attack Fitzmaurice, who is killed in a skirmish in Limerick (July-August).
Desmond is proclaimed a traitor (November).
1580
Lord Grey is appointed deputy (July).
Sir James of Desmond captured (August) and executed (October).
Spaniards and Italians land at Smerwick (September), but are successfully attacked by Grey and are massacred (November).
1581
Grey wages a campaign against the Kavanaghs in Leinster (June).
1582
Sir John of Desmond killed (January).
Pardon offered to Munster rebels who submit (August).
1583
Earl of Desmond killed (November).
1584
John Perrot replaces Grey as deputy (January).
Hugh O'Neill, the baron of Dungannon, made tanist of Turlough O'Neill (March).
Survey is made of lands forfeited by Munster rebels (September-November).
1585
Composition of Connacht takes places confirming existing Irish landowners, but subject to the queen.
Plantation of Munster planned (December).
1587
Walter Raleigh is given grant of territory in Cork and Waterford (February).
Hugh O'Neill formally given title of earl of Tyrone (May).
Hugh Roe O'Donnell kidnapped and imprisoned in Dublin Castle (September).
1588
William Fitzwilliam replaces Perot as deputy (February).
More than a score of ships from the defeated Spanish Armada wrecked off the Irish coasts (September).
1590
Earl of Tyrone is at the English court (March-July).
Hugh Roe O'Donnell escapes from Dublin Castle, but is recaptured (December).
1591
The earl of Tyrone marries Mabel Bagenal, the sister of Henry Bagenal, the marshal of the army (August).
Hugh Roe O'Donnell successfully escapes from Dublin Castle (December).
1592
Hugh Roe O'Donnell succeeds his father Hugh, who retires, as Lord of Tyrconnell (May).
Philip II of Spain supports Irish College at Salamanca (July).
Catholic bishops assemble at Tyrconnell (December).
1593
Catholic archbishop of Tuam, James O'Hely, represents O'Donnell before Philip II of Spain (April).
1594
William Russell replaces Fitzwilliam as deputy (May).
O'Donnell and Hugh Maguire, lord of Fermanagh, besiege Enniskillen that had been captured by an English force. Maguire defeats an English force coming to relief of Enniskillen, but Russell ultimately succeeds in gaining town (June-August).
1595
O'Donnell and Maguire retake Enniskillen (May).
Tyrone defeats the forces of Bagenal at Clontibret, County Monaghan (June).
Tyrone and O'Donnell offer kingship of Ireland to Archduke Albert, the governor of the Spanish Netherlands (August), and the next month ask Philip II for help.
Tyrone and O'Donnell submit to a truce with the government (October).
1596
Tyrone calls on Lords of Munster to join against the English (July).
Spanish arms arrive at Killybegs, County Donegal (September).
Spanish ships aiming for Ireland are dispersed by storm off Finisterre (October).
1597
Lord Burgh replaces Russell as deputy (March) and begins campaign against Tyrone.
Burgh dies of typhus and Ormond becomes military commander (October) and Tyrone submits to a truce with Ormond (December).
1598
Bagenal is killed when his forces are defeated by Tyrone, O'Donnell, and Maguire at the Yellow Ford (August).
James Fitzthomas Fitzmaurice becomes earl of Desmond and attacks the Munster plantation (October).
1599
Robert Devereux, second earl of Essex, becomes lord lieutenant (March) and campaigns in Leinster and Munster (May-July).
Spanish ships bring arms to Lough Foyle (May).
Essex and Tyrone reach a truce, and Essex leaves Ireland (September).
1600
Charles Blount, Lord Mountjoy, becomes deputy (January) and campaigns against Tyrone in Connacht, Leinster, and Ulster (May-October).
George Carew becomes president of Munster (March) and campaigns in Limerick (May-June).
1601
Essex is executed in Tower of London (February).
Earl of Desmond is captured and sent to the Tower of London (May), where he dies six years later.
Spanish fleet arrives at Kinsale, County Cork, and Mountjoy comes to take charge of moves against them (September).
O'Donnell and Tyrone begin separate marches south to Munster (October).
More Spanish ships arrive at Kinsale and O'Donnell and Tyrone meet at Bandon, County Cork, but in the Battle at Kinsale both are defeated as O'Donnell leaves for Spain and Tyrone retreats to Ulster (December).
1602
The Spanish commander at Kinsale surrenders to Mountjoy (January) and leaves for Spain (March).
Mountjoy moves to Ulster and destroys the O'Neill inaugural chair at Tullaghoge, County Tyrone (June-September).
Hugh O'Donnell dies in Spain and his brother, Rory O'Donnell, submits to Mountjoy (December).
1603
Elizabeth directs Mountjoy to offer pardon to Tyrone if he were to submit. Tyrone submits unaware Elizabeth had died in the meantime (March).
James I succeeds Elizabeth I.
Tyrone accompanies Mountjoy to England, as George Carey is appointed deputy (May).
John Davies becomes solicitor general (November) and later attorney general and sheriffs are appointed for Counties Donegal and Tyrone.
1605
Arthur Chichester becomes deputy (February).
All persons are declared free subjects of the king and not of any lords or chieftains (March).
Jesuits are ordered to leave Ireland (July).
Gunpowder plot in Westminster by Catholics fails (November).
Deputy mandates certain citizens to attend established church and fines and imprisons noncom-pliers, as well as those petitioning for freedom of religion (November-December).
1606
The Irish custom of gavelkind, namely, equal distribution of inheritance, is declared illegal and a commission examines defective land titles (January-July).
1607
Rather than comply with a summons to London, Tyrone, joined by Tyrconnell and others, sails from Lough Swilly (September). The earls and their associates are indicted on grounds of high treason and their lands declared forfeited (December).
1608
The Irish system of designating successors, tanistry, is declared illegal.
Tyrone and Tyrconnell arrive in Rome (April), but Tyrconnell dies in July.
A commission surveying six Ulster counties—Done-gal, Coleraine, Tyrone, Armagh, Fermanagh, and Cavan—determines they are almost entirely escheated to the king (July-September).
1609
Plantation plans are drawn up for the escheated lands in the six counties (January-September).
1610
The Privy Council and the city of London agree on the plantation of the city of Derry and the county of Coleraine (January) and three years later Derry will be chartered as the city of Londonderry and Coleraine will become the county of Londonderry, most of which will be controlled by the Irish Society of London, that is, the London planters (March 1613).
1613
First Irish parliament of James I is elected, but when Catholic members withdraw in dispute over election of Speaker, it is prorogued and a commission appointed to inquire into allegations of illegality in its election (April-August).
1614
James makes some concessions to Catholics on make up of parliament (August), which then meets (October-November).
1616
Earl of Tyrone dies in Rome (July).
1622
Viscount Falkland becomes deputy (September).
Court of wards and liveries established which would enable king to assume wardship over minor children of deceased nobility, aimed especially at Old English Catholics (December).
1623
Oath of Supremacy required of all city and town officials (June).
1625
James Ussher, who demanded severe measures against Catholics, becomes archbishop of Armagh (March).
James I dies and is succeeded by his son, Charles I (March).
1626
Charles I offers concessions or ”Graces” to the Irish in return for subsidies for his army (September).
1627
George Downham, bishop of Derry, opposes suggested toleration for Catholics (April).
Irish College in Rome opens (December).
1628
Charles I meets with an Irish delegation of eight Old English and three New English and issues ”Graces” in return for a subsidy (January-May).
1632
Viscount Wentworth becomes deputy (July).
1634
Charles I's first Irish parliament is elected and holds four sessions between July of 1634 and April 1635 in which very major concessions in the form of the Graces are passed, but in which other legislation enhances royal power and furthers Wentworth's policy of “thorough” whereby the king's government in Ireland and its military become self-financing. A statute of uses enforces fulfillment by landowners of feudal dues to the king and royal justices are empowered to impose charges on localities for repair of highways (December), imprisonment is mandated for beggars and vagabonds, and licenses are required for ale houses (April 1635).
1635
Under pressure from Wentworth, juries award title to the king of contested lands in Connacht (July).
1636
Galway jury yields to threat of fine and imprisonment and reverses decision not granting title to the king for certain lands (December).
1638
Scots take national covenant against high church policies Charles seeks to impose on them (March).
1639
War is fought by Charles I against the Scots for their opposition to his high church policy. It ends with treaty (May-June).
1640
Wentworth created earl of Strafford (January).
Charles I's second Irish parliament meets (February-March).
Wentworth leaves Ireland (April).
”Short parliament” meets in England (April 13-May 5).
Second war with Scots begins with Scottish victory near Newcastle-upon-Tyne (August).
Irish parliament meets again and sends petition of remonstrance to England (October-November).
Truce between English and Scots (October).
”Long Parliament” meets in England and calls for proceeding with impeachment of Wentworth (November).
1641
William Parsons and John Borlase become lords justices (February).
Impeachment trial of Wentworth begins at Westminster, but a bill of attainder is passed, and he is executed (March-May).
Irish parliament comments on Poynings' Law to king (May).
Rebellion takes place in Ulster with many Protestant deaths in the next few months (October).
Attempted seizure of Dublin Castle blocked (October).
Earl of Ormond made lieutenant general of royal army (November).
1642
English parliament passes Adventurers Act that offers Irish land as compensation to contributors of funds for the repression of the rebellion in Ireland (March).
A Scottish army led by Robert Munro lands in Car-rickfergus (April).
Catholic clergy and laity meet in Kilkenny (March).
Catholics draw up an oath of association in Kilkenny (June).
Owen Roe O'Neill lands in Donegal (July).
Thomas Preston lands in Wexford (September).
Catholics hold first general assembly of Catholic Confederation in Kilkenny (October-November).
1643
Pier Francesco Scarampi arrives as papal envoy to Catholic Confederates (July).
On royal instructions Ormond negotiates with Catholic Confederation concluding in a one-year truce (September).
Marquis of Ormond becomes lord lieutenant (November).
1644
Charles gives plenary powers to English Catholic earl of Glamorgan to treat with Catholic Confederates (April).
Ormond is also instructed to negotiate with Confederates (June).
Royalist army defeated by parliamentary army and Scots at Marston Moor (July).
Lord Inchiquin joins the parliamentary side (July).
1645
Royalists defeated by New Model Army at Naseby (June).
Secret treaty made between Glamorgan and the Confederates (August).
Archbishop Giovanni Rinuccini, new papal envoy to Confederates, arrives in Ireland (October).
Glamorgan and Confederates arrive at second treaty directed by Rinuccini (December).
1646
Confederates and Ormond agree to peace (March).
Charles I surrenders to Scots (May).
Owen Roe O'Neill defeats Munro's army at Ben-burb, County Tyrone (June).
Confederates proclaim peace with Ormond, but it is condemned by Rinuccini (August).
Rinuccini presides over new council of Confederation (September).
1647
Charles I is seized by parliamentary army at Holmby (June).
Parliamentary army under Michael Jones lands near Dublin, and Ormond surrenders Dublin to parliamentary commissioners (June). He leaves for England (July).
Inchiquin sacks Cashel and defeats Confederate Army of Munster near Mallow (September-November).
Charles I and Scots sign an agreement to war against the parliamentary forces (December).
1648
Truce between Inchiquin and Confederates condemned by Rinuccini, but his condemnation is appealed by the Council of the Confederation to Rome (May).
Oliver Cromwell defeats the Scots at Preston (August).
Supreme Council of Confederation condemns Owen Roe O'Neill (September).
Ormond returns to Ireland (September).
1649
Ormond and Confederates again make a peace treaty (January).
Charles I is executed (January).
Rinuccini leaves Ireland (February).
Owen Roe O'Neill aids parliamentary army in Derry being besieged by Scots (April).
Jones's army defeats Ormond forces in Dublin (August).
Cromwell lands in Dublin with parliamentary commission to exercise civil and military power in Ireland (August).
Cromwell attacks Drogheda and massacres garrison (September).
Cromwell takes Wexford and also massacres the garrison (October).
Treaty agreed between Ormond and Owen Roe O'Neill (October).
Owen Roe O'Neill dies (November).
1650
Cromwell continues to take various Irish towns, including Fethard, Kilkenny, and Clonmel until he leaves Ireland with Henry Ireton becoming his deputy (May).
Carlow and Waterford surrender to Ireton (July-August).
Ormond, Inchiquin, and others leave Ireland.
1651
Navigation Act limits shipping of goods to England, Ireland, and colonies to English ships (October).
Ireton dies after Limerick surrenders and Edmund Ludlow is appointed commander (October-December).
1652
Charles Fleetwood becomes commander in chief in Ireland (July).
Act for settling of Ireland passed by parliament categorizing degrees of guilt of opponents of parliament in Ireland (August).
1653
Act of Settlement is passed by the Little or Barebones Parliament, which Cromwell called into being to replace the Rump of the Long Parliament that he had expelled. The act allots seized Irish land to adventurers and settlers and reserves most of Connacht and Clare for Irish landowners expelled from other areas (September).
Cromwell becomes Lord Protector under the Instrument of Government, the written constitution. Ireland is united with England in a single parliament and is allotted 30 members (December).
1654
Fleetwood is designated as deputy (August).
William Petty is directed to map forfeited Irish lands to be distributed to soldiers (December).
Henry Cromwell is appointed to the Irish Council (December).
1655
Catholic priests in the custody of the government are ordered to be shipped to Barbados (January).
The celebration of Easter is prohibited (April).
1657
Cromwell is given increased powers by a new constitution (May).
Legislation confirms the settling of land in Ireland and requires suspected Catholics to take an oath rejecting the papacy and denying the doctrine of transubstantiation or forfeit two-thirds of their property (June).
Henry Cromwell becomes deputy (November).
1658
Oliver Cromwell dies and is succeeded as Lord Protector by his son Richard (September).
1659
The Rump of the Long Parliament reassembles, forces Richard Cromwell to resign, recalls Henry Cromwell from Ireland, and nominates a commission to govern Ireland (May-July).
Edmund O'Reilly, consecrated as Catholic archbishop of Armagh in Brussels in May, returns to Ireland (October).
1660
Lord Broghill, Charles Coote, and William Bury become commissioners for Ireland (January).
General George Monck forces the Rump of the Long Parliament to admit excluded members, and the parliament then dissolves itself, while a convention meets in Dublin (February-March).
Charles II returns as king to London and is proclaimed king in Dublin (May).
Charles II confirms soldiers and adventurers in their ownership of land in Ireland but also promises return of land to ”innocent papists” and supporters of the monarchy (November).
English Navigation Act restricts Irish trade with colonies and the importation of Irish cattle into England (July).
Court of Claims issues 566 decrees of innocence to Catholics, but many other claims are not heard (August).
1665
Act of Explanation requires Cromwellians to give up one-third of their holdings so that Catholics may have lands available (December).
1666
Irish Catholic bishops and clergy accept remonstrance of 1661 pledging allegiance to king, but make no reference to papal authority to disallow such (June).
1667
English law prohibits importation of Irish cattle to England (January).
1669
Peter Talbot consecrated Catholic archbishop of Dublin (April).
George Fox organizes Quaker meetings in Ireland (May-August).
Lord Robartes replaces Ormond as lord lieutenant (September).
Oliver Plunkett consecrated Catholic archbishop of Armagh (November).
1670
Charles II agrees in secret Treaty of Dover to become a Catholic in return for French subsidy (May).
1661
Catholics draw up a remonstrance proclaiming allegiance to king and denying papal authority to disallow the same (December).
1662
Duke of Ormond becomes lord lieutenant of Ireland (February).
Act of Settlement confirms Charles II's declaration on Irish land and seeks to resolve conflicting claims (July).
Plot by Colonel Thomas Blood and other Crom-weUians to seize power in Dublin fails (May).
1671
English Navigation Act prohibits imports from colonies to Irish ports (April).
John Brenan consecrated Catholic bishop of Waterford (August).
1672
Charles II issues declaration of indulgence to suspend penal laws against nonconformist Protestants and recusant Catholics (March).
Earl of Essex becomes lord lieutenant (August).
Regium Donum granted to Presbyterian ministers (October).
1673
Charles forced to withdraw declaration of indulgence, which House of Commons declares to be illegal (February-March).
Test Act passed requiring officeholders to take communion in the Church of England (March).
James, duke of York, marries his second wife, Mary of Modena (September).
1676
Charles II enters secret treaty with Louis XIV to enter no alliance without French consent in return for French subsidy (February).
1677
Ormond returns as lord lieutenant (August).
1678
Titus Oates makes charges of popish plot before Privy Council (September).
Archbishop of Dublin Peter Talbot arrested (October).
1679
House of Commons considers Exclusion Bill to bar James, duke of York, from succession to throne (May).
Archbishop of Armagh, Oliver Plunkett, arrested (December).
1680
Plunkett's trial ends without indictment (July).
Talbot dies imprisoned in Dublin Castle (November).
1681
Plunkett tried and convicted of high treason in London and executed (May-July).
1684
Dublin Philosophical Society established by William Molyneux (January).
1685
Charles II dies and is succeeded by his brother James II (February).
Catholics, Justin MacCarthy and Richard Talbot, are exempted from Oath of Supremacy and given command of regiments (March).
Talbot is created earl of Tyrconnell (June).
Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes of 1598, which had granted religious liberties to Protestants in France (October).
1686
Earl of Clarendon replaces Ormond as lord lieutenant (January).
Tyrconnell is made commander of army in Ireland (June).
Tyrconnell and Richard Nagle campaign in England for redress of Catholic grievances (August-October).
1687
Tyrconnell becomes lord deputy (February).
Tyrconnell is empowered to issue new city and corporate town charters (June).
Tyrconnell's governance is satirized by Protestant song ”Lillibullero."
1688
James II's wife gives birth to a son (June).
Episcopal bishops acquitted of charges for not publishing James's declaration of indulgences for Catholics and nonconformists (June).
Coalition of Tories and Whigs invites William of Orange to come to England (June).
Irish regiments sent to England (October).
William arrives in England (November).
James leaves England (December).
1689
William of Orange and wife, Mary, accept Bill of Rights and become king and queen of England and Ireland (February).
James II arrives in Ireland with French and Jacobite officers (March).
Siege of Derry by Jacobite forces begins (April).
James II's Irish parliament (the Patriot Parliament) meets and passes act repealing the land settlement but drops act to repeal Poynings' Law (May-July).
Williamite ships break boom on river Foyle and relieve besieged Derry (July).
Marshall Schomberg and force lands in Bangor, County Down, in support of William and take Carrickfergus (August).
James II's army advances toward Schomberg near Dundalk, but does not engage him, although
Schomberg's forces suffer heavy loses from sickness (September-October).
Ireland, keeping arms, or owning horses valued at ?5 or more (August-December).
1690
Irish regiments go to France (April).
William III arrives near Carrickfergus (June).
William increases Regium Donum for Presbyterian clergy (June).
William's army defeats James's forces at the Battle of the Boyne. James leaves for France and William enters Dublin (July).
William returns to England, and Tyrconnell and French army leave for France (September).
Earl of Marlborough takes Cork and Kinsale (September-October).
1696
English legislation permits duty free import of Irish linen (April).
1697
English legislation bans export of Irish woolen goods (April).
Reassembled second Irish parliament requires Catholic bishops and regular clergy (members of religious orders) to leave Ireland and confirms the Treaty of Limerick without clauses guaranteeing Catholic rights (September).
1691
Tyrconnell returns to Ireland (January).
French general, Marquis de Saint-Ruth, lands at Limerick (May).
Williamite general, Baron von Ginkel, takes Athlone (June).
Jacobite army is defeated by von Ginkel at Augh-rim, County Galway, with thousands of losses, including Saint-Ruth (July).
Ginkel takes Galway (July).
Tyrconnell dies in Limerick, which Ginkel begins to besiege (August).
After a truce in siege of Limerick, a treaty is signed allowing Irish army to go to France to continue to serve James II and promising the Catholics remaining in Ireland the religious rights they had under Charles II (October).
1692
Viscount Sidney becomes lord lieutenant (September).
First Irish parliament under William III claims exclusive right to prepare money bills (October).
1698
William Molyneux publishes a tract challenging the English parliament's right to legislate for Ireland (January).
1699
The second Irish parliament of William III imposes duties on export of wool from Ireland and prohibits Catholics from becoming solicitors (January).
English legislation prohibits export of wool from Ireland to anywhere other than England (May).
1701
James II dies, and his son James III is recognized by Louis XIV (September).
Earl of Rochester becomes lord lieutenant (September).
The first public library in Ireland, Marsh's, is built.
1702
William III dies and is succeeded by his sister-inlaw, Anne (March).
1694
Mary II dies (December).
1695
Lord Capel becomes lord lieutenant (May).
Second Irish parliament of William III meets and passes penal legislation against Catholics, including prohibition against sending their children abroad for education, teaching school in
1703
Second duke of Ormond becomes lord lieutenant (June).
First Irish parliament of Anne meets (September-March).
1704
Irish parliament prohibits Catholics from buying land or acting as guardians, requires reception of
Communion in the established church as a test for public officials, and requires the Catholic clergy to register (March).
1705
English legislation permits export of Irish linen to American colonies (March).
1707
English and Scottish parliaments are united (May).
Earl of Pembroke becomes lord lieutenant (June).
1709
Earl of Wharton becomes lord lieutenant (April).
Hundreds of Palatine Protestant families come to Ireland (September).
1711
Second duke of Ormond is again lord lieutenant (July).
1713
Jonathan Swift becomes dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral (June).
Duke of Shrewsbury becomes lord lieutenant (October).
1714
Queen Anne dies and is succeeded by her Hanoverian cousin, George I (August).
1715
Duke of Ormond joins James III in Paris and is condemned by an act of attainder (July-August).
First Irish parliament of George I meets and elects William Connolly as Speaker of House of Commons (November).
Jacobite force lands in Lancashire and James III lands in Scotland (November-December).
1716
James III returns to France (February).
1719
Toleration act exempts nonconforming Protestants from requirement to attend established church (November).
1720
Declaratory Act by British parliament asserts its right to legislate for Ireland (April).
1721
Duke of Grafton becomes lord lieutenant (August).
1722
William Wood gets monopoly for coining copper halfpence in Ireland (July).
1724
Jonathan Swift publishes his Drapier's Letters.
Lord Carteret becomes lord lieutenant (October).
1725
Wood's monopoly is given up (September).
1726
Swift's Gulliver's Travels published (October).
1727
George I dies and is succeeded by his son, George II (June).
1728
Irish parliament deprives Catholics of parliamentary franchise (May).
1729
Swift's Modest Proposal published (October).
1731
British legislation permits direct importation from American colonies to Ireland of goods not specifically prohibited (May).
Irish parliament meets in new building for the first time (October).
1733
Henry Boyle elected Speaker of the Irish House of Commons (October).
1734
Converts to the established church whose wives are Catholic are prohibited from educating their children as Catholics or as serving as justices of the peace (April).
1737
Duke of Devonshire becomes lord lieutenant (September).
1738
Turlough Carolan, poet, composer, and harpist, dies (March).
1739
British legislation removes duty on Irish woolen yarn entering Great Britain (June).
Frost, after very wet and unproductive summer, results in severe famine (December).
1740
Bad summer and autumn with poor crop production, followed by frost, brings another famine (December).
1742
Handel's Messiah is performed for the first time, Dublin (April).
1743
Radical Charles Lucas publishes a pamphlet about infringements on the rights of the citizens of Dublin (April).
1745
Irish exiles in a brigade play important role in French victory over the British and the Dutch at the Battle of Fontenoy (April).
Charles Edward, son of James III, lands in Scotland (July). His forces have some success, including an advance into England, but they retreat from Derby (December).
1746
Jacobites are defeated at Culloden, and Charles Edward leaves Scotland (April).
1747
John and Charles Wesley first visit Ireland (August-September).
1749
Charles Lucas flees from being committed for prosecution as an enemy of the country (October).
1751
Laying of cornerstone of Rotunda Hospital, the first maternity hospital in Ireland (July)
Duke of Dorset becomes lord lieutenant (September).
Legislation authorizes applying revenue surplus to national debt (December).
1752
Gregorian calendar takes effect in British dominions, as September 2 is followed by September 14.
1753
House of Commons rejects bill to apply revenue surplus to reduction of debt (December).
1756
John Ponsonby elected Speaker of the Irish House of Commons (April).
1757
Duke of Bedford becomes lord lieutenant (September).
1758
British legislation permits importation of salted beef, pork, and butter from Ireland (June).
1759
British legislation allows importation of Irish cattle into Great Britain (April).
Henry Flood enters parliament (November).
Arthur Guinness leases brewery (December).
1760
Meeting of Catholics results in formation of ”Catholic Committee” (March).
George II dies and is succeeded by his grandson, George III (October).
1761
Charles Lucas returns to Dublin (March)
Popular violent groups, the ”Whiteboys,” begin in Munster.
1762
Catholic nobility and gentry send address of support to George III in war with Spain (February).
1763
Popular violent groups, the ”Hearts of Oak,” are involved in Ulster disturbances.
Newspaper, Freeman's Journal, first appears (September).
1766
James III dies (January).
Catholic priest, Nicholas Sheehy, is executed at Clonmel for alleged instigation of ”Whiteboy” crimes (March).
1767
Viscount Townsend becomes lord lieutenant (October).
1768
Life of parliament limited to eight years by Octennial Act (February).
Irish House of Commons rejects request by lord lieutenant to increase size of army (May).
1769
World History
