(PDD) 75, the NCIX has had the mandate to serve as the substantive leader of national-level counterintelligence activities. The NCIX coordinates and supports the critical counterintelligence missions of the United States government. It conducts counterintelligence activities to protect the political, economic, and military interests of the United States, including the technology of U. S. business and industry from foreign espionage.
NATIONAL COUNTERTERRORISM CENTER (NCC). The NCC was established by President George W. Bush on 27 August 2004 as a response to the criticism levied against the George W. Bush administration by the 9/11 Commission, which investigated the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. According to the executive order creating the center, the NCC is to be the primary organization within the U. S. government for analyzing and integrating intelligence information pertaining to terrorism and counterterrorism. In addition, the NCC is to conduct strategic counterterrorism operational planning by integrating all instruments of national power. It can assign, but not direct, operational responsibilities to lead agencies, and in doing so, the center is to ensure that all agencies have access to and receive needed intelligence to accomplish assigned activities. Finally, the NCC is to serve as the central information repository on all known and suspected terrorists and international terror groups. Accordingly, the executive order charges the NCC with preparing the daily terrorism report for the president and senior officials. The NCC’s director now reports to the director of national intelligence (DNI). See TERRORISM THREAT INTEGRATION CENTER.
NATIONAL DRUG INTELLIGENCE CENTER (NDIC). Established in 1993 as the nation’s principal center for strategic domestic counternarcotics intelligence. A component of the Department of Justice, the NDIC supports national policymakers and law enforcement leaders by producing threat assessments based on open-source intelligence (OSINT) information from the intelligence community (IC) as well as from state and local law enforcement sources. Its assessments focus both on global drug trafficking and on drug trends within each state of the United States. While the bulk of its work centers on narcotics trafficking, the NDIC also provides threat assessments on ancillary issues, such as gang violence.
NATIONAL FOREIGN ASSESSMENT CENTER (NFAC). The Directorate of Intelligence (DI) of the Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) was renamed in 1978 as NFAC in order to become the analytic arm of the intelligence community (IC) and to distance analysis somewhat from the criticisms leveled against U. S. intelligence in the late 1970s. During its short existence, NFAC carried out analytic functions but also absorbed some community-wide organizations like the Arms Control Intelligence Staff (ACIS) and the Technology Transfer Assessment Center (TTAC). In 1981, newly appointed Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) William J. Casey reorganized NFAC into interdisciplinary regional offices and reverted to using its previous designation as Directorate of Intelligence.
NATIONAL FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE BOARD (NFIB). See
COMMITTEE ON IMAGERY REQUIREMENTS AND EXPLOITATION.
NATIONAL FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM (NFIP).
One of the three U. S. intelligence budgets, NFIP represents the resources of the intelligence community (IC) nominally controlled by the director of national intelligence (DNI). NFIP funds national-level, government-wide intelligence programs, such as the Consolidated Cryptologic Program (CCP), which pays for the activities of the National Security Agency (NSA) and other signals intelligence (SIGINT) programs of other community agencies, and the General Defense Intelligence Program (GDIP), which funds the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). It also includes the current management account (CMA), which finances current intelligence operations. The bulk of NFIP pays for Department of Defense (DOD) intelligence programs, which, together with the portion allotted to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), constitute over 95 percent of NFIP moneys. The intelligence components of the civilian agencies represented in the intelligence community absorb less than 5 percent of NFIP. See also JOINT MILITARY INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM; TACTICAL INTELLIGENCE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES.
NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (NGA).
Established in November 2003, the NGA replaced the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) by incorporating geospatial intelligence, GEOINT, into its imagery and mapping capabilities. NIMA had been established only in 1996 by consolidating the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA), the Central Imagery Office (CIO), the National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC), the imagery exploitation unit of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), and other similar agencies. However, the need to employ geospatial information-complete visualization of geographically referenced areas on the earth-induced Department of Defense (DOD) managers to expand NIMA’s original jurisdiction. In addition to providing geospatial intelligence, the NGA now manages imagery intelligence, or IMINT, in the U. S. government by setting imagery priorities, levying imagery requirements, and analyzing imagery for national customers. Even though it is part of the Defense Department, the NGA serves the entire intelligence community and provides combat support to the military. The secretary of defense and the director of national intelligence (DNI) share the management of the NGA, although the DCI retains “tasking” authority over national imagery systems and has a large say over the appointment of the NGA director.
NATIONAL IMAGERY AND MAPPING AGENCY (NIMA). The
U. S. National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) was established 1 October 1996 by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency Act of 1996. NIMA centralized imagery intelligence (IMINT) and mapping requirements by incorporating the National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC), the Central Imagery Office (CIO), the Defense Mapping Agency (DMA), the Defense Dissemination Program Office (DDPO), and the imagery capabilities of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), and the Defense Airborne Reconnaissance Office (DARO). As such, it merged imagery, maps, charts, and environmental data to produce geospatial intelligence (GEOINT). NIMA’s products supported a variety of military, civil, and international needs. Under the terms of the 2004 Defense Authorization Bill, NIMA became the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) on 24 November 2003. Geospatial intelligence has been employed for a variety of intelligence and civilian purposes, including the monitoring and enforcement of peace treaties.
NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION CENTER (NIPC). An interagency center, NIPC was created in 1998 by Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 63 to serve as a focal point for U. S. government efforts to warn about and respond to cyber attacks against the nation’s critical infrastructure. These infrastructures include telecommunications and information, energy, banking and finance, transportation, government operations, and emergency services. PDD 63 envisaged NIPC as providing threat assessments, warning, vulnerability and law enforcement investigations, and national response. Initially, NIPC was located at the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) but was later incorporated into the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) upon its establishment in 2002.
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AUTHORITY (NIA). Established by presidential directive (PD) on 22 January 1946, the NIA provided executive oversight of the Central Intelligence Group (CIG), headed by the director of central intelligence (DCI). The NIA’s members were the secretaries of state, war, navy, and the president’s military advisor. An additional directive, dated 8 July 1946, gave the DCI the authority to coordinate intelligence information without actually giving him significant control over existing intelligence agencies or budgetary powers. New intelligence arrangements created by the 1947 National Security Act superceded the National Intelligence Authority.
The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 also created a National Intelligence Authority and placed the newly established director of national intelligence (DNI) as its leader. This NIA included all the agencies of the intelligence community (IC) except for the tactical intelligence organizations of the Department of Defense (DOD).
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION BOARD (NICB).
Established on 12 June 1995 as part of the Community Management Staff (CMS), the National Intelligence Collection Board, composed of senior officials representing the intelligence collection disciplines and the principal intelligence community (IC) production officers, manages the overall intelligence collection requirements process, ensures coordination among the major collection disciplines, and evaluates performance in satisfying consumer needs for information. To ensure responsiveness to the current and anticipated information needs of intelligence consumers, the board acts as a forum for integrating the efforts of the separate collection disciplines and issuing guidance to collectors, as appropriate. The board is chaired by the executive director for intelligence community affairs (EXDIR/ICA) or his designee and occasionally meets in subgroups and committees.
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE COUNCIL (NIC). The NIC is the successor to the Office of National Estimates (ONE), which was established in 1950 to produce national intelligence estimates (NIEs). Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) William Colby disbanded the ONE in September 1973 and established the NIC system, comprised of national intelligence officers (NIOs) with substantive expertise in their areas of concern. The NIC now has six regional and six issue NIOs who commission and oversee the drafting, production, and dissemination of NIEs under the authority of the director of national intelligence (DNI).
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE DAILY (NID). The NID was the Central Intelligence Agency’s (CIA’s) daily intelligence report to senior-and mid-level government officials from the mid-1960s until the mid-1990s. See also SENIOR EXECUTIVE INTELLIGENCE BRIEF.
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE DIGEST. The National Intelligence Digest was the Central Intelligence Agency’s (CIA’s) daily report to senior - and mid-level government officials during the 1950s and 1960s. See also NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE DAILY; SENIOR EXECUTIVE INTELLIGENCE BRIEF.
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATE (NIE). National intelligence estimates are forward-looking official judgments of the intelligence community (IC) on a specific issue, country, or region that address the consequences of various policy options. The National Intelligence Council (NIC) has the responsibility to commission and produce NIEs. The NIC’s national intelligence officers (NIOs) either draft and produce the NIEs themselves or commission them from analysts in the intelligence community. Once drafted, NIOs take charge of coordinating the estimate among all the relevant IC agencies, so that the estimate results in community, rather than specific agency, judgments. NIOs attempt to arrive at a consensus, but dissenting views find their way either into the text or into footnotes. The director of national intelligence (DNI) signs the coordinated and finished NIE after approval by the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB).
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE OFFICER (NIO). NIOs are senior officials of the intelligence community (IC), academia, or business who are chosen for their expertise in substantive areas of importance to U. S. intelligence Now appointed by the director of national intelligence (DNI), NIOs comprise the National Intelligence Council (NIC), which is responsible for the production of national intelligence estimates (NIEs). See also COLBY, WILLIAM.
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