Eastern Europe: Stalinism to solidarity

A full-length study of many of issues discussed in this chapter is Barbara J Falk, the Dilemmas of Dissidence in East-Central Europe. Citizen Intellectuals and Philosopher Kings (Budapest: Central European Press, 2003). For a clear overview of political and social uprisings in the region, see Kevin McDermott and Matthew Stibbe (eds.), Revolution and Resistance in Eastern Europe: Challenges to Communist Rule (Oxford: Berg, 2006).

On reemerging civil society, see H. Gordon Skilling, Charter 77 and Human Rights in Czechoslovakia (London: Allen and Unwin, 1981), and most notably John Keane (ed.), The Power of the Powerless: Citizens against the State in Central-Eastern Europe (London: Hutchinson, i985), which contains Havel's keynote essay.

The most important recent study of Hungary i956 is Charles Gati, Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Centre Press and Stanford University Press, 2006). Two valuable retrospective collections are Gyorgy Litvan (ed.), The Hungarian Revolution of 1956: Reform, Revolt and Repression 1953-1963, trans. from Hungarian by J. Bak and L. Legters, (London: Longman,

1996), and Tamas Aczel (ed.), Ten Years After: A Commemoration of the Tenth Anniversary of the Hungarian Revolution (London: Macgibbon and Kee, 1966). For the general background, see Ferenc Vali, Rift and Revolt in Hungary: Nationalism versus Communism (Cambridge,

MA: Harvard University Press, 1961), and Ivan Berend, The Hungarian Economic Reforms 1953-1988 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). Critical and left-inclined writings include Marc Rakovski, Towards an East European Marxism (London: Allison & Busby, 1978), and Miklos Haraszti, A Worker in a Worker’s State: Piece-Rates in Hungary, trans. from Hungarian by Michael Wright (London: Pelican Books, 1977).

The major collection on Czechoslovakia 1968, including numerous new documents from archives, is Jan Navratil (ed.), The Prague Spring 1968: A National Security Archive Documents Reader (Budapest: Central European Press, 1998). Important further research from archives are Mark Kramer, "The Czechoslovak Crisis and the Brezhnev Doctrine," in Carole Fink, Philipp Gassert, and Detlef Junker (eds.), 1968: The World Transformed (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), and Kieran Williams, The Prague Spring and Its Aftermath (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). Still very valuable is the monograph by H. Gordon Skilling, Czechoslovakia’s Interrupted Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978). Two analyses by Western strategists are Philip Windsor and Adam Roberts, Czechoslovakia 1968: Reform, Repression and Resistance (London: Chatto and Windus, 1969), and Karen Dawisha, The Kremlin and the Prague Spring (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984). The memoir of a major participant is Zdenek Mlynar, Night Frost in Prague: The End of Humane Socialism, trans. from Czech by Paul Wilson (London: C. Hurst, 1980).

For Poland, especially useful are Jacek Kurczewski, The Resurrection of Rights in Poland (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), by a legal sociologist, and Peter Raina, Political Opposition in Poland, 1954-1977 (London: Poets and Painters Press, 1978). The writings of a leading oppositionist are Adam Michnik, Letters from Prison and Other Essays (Berkeley, CA: 1985), and his Letters from Freedom: Post-Cold War Realities and Perspectives (Berkeley, CA: 1988). We have valuable accounts of workers' protests in Roman Laba, The Roots of Solidarity: A Political Sociology of Poland’s Working-Class Democratization (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), and Jerzy Eisler, Grudzieri 1970: geneza, przebieg, konsek-wencje [December 1970: Origins, Course of Events, Outcomes] (Warsaw: Sensacje XX wieku, 2000).

The unique talks between Polish strikers and party officials are transcribed by Ewa Wacowska (ed.), Rewolta Szczeciitska i jej znaczenie [The Szczecin Revolt and Its Significance] (Paris: Kultura, 1971). Subsequent worker-intellectual cooperation is described by Jan-Jozef Lipski, KOR: A History of the Workers’ Defense Committee in Poland, 1976-1981, trans. from Polish by O. Amsterdamska and Gene M. Moore (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985). Two overviews are Andrzej Paczkowski, The Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom, trans. from Polish by Jane Cave (University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 2003), and A. Kemp-Welch, Poland under Communism: A Cold War History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

On East Germany, see Z. Madarasz, Conflict and Compromise in East Germany, 1971-1989: A Precarious Stability (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2003), and a meticulous social history by Mary Fulbrook, The People’s State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005). Perennial problems of Balkan nationalism are addressed by Paul Lendvai, Eagles in Cobwebs: Nationalism and Communism in the Balkans (London: Macmillan, 1970). Important studies of Romania are Dennis Deletant, Ceausescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965-89 (London: Hurst & Co., 1995), and

Vladimir Tismaneanu, Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism (Berkeley, CA: University of Califomia Press, 2003). On Bulgaria, see Richard Crampton, A Concise History of Bulgaria, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).