In terms of a general approach, Sherman Kent, "The Need for an Intelligence Literature;” in Donald P. Steury (ed.), Sherman Kent and the Board of National Estimates: Collected Essays (Washington, DC: History Staff, Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, 1994), is a seminal article (written in 1955 and originally classified) arguing that until intelligence had a serious literature it would be an immature profession. Michael Herman, Intelligence Power in Peace and War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, i996), is a persuasive analysis of intelligence as integral to the power of the modern state. Jeffrey T. Richelson, A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, i995): the first attempt at a general history; it does, however, require updating by the more specialized work below but is still a useful survey.
The history of Cold War intelligence is a fast-developing field. The best way to keep track of recent research is through the two leading academic journals: Intelligence and National Security (the first in the field) and International Journal of Intelligence and Counter Intelligence.
For the Soviet Union, see Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West (London: Allen Lane, 1999); published in the United States as The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (New York: Basic Books, 1999); The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB and the World (London: Allen Lane, 2005); published in the United States as The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World (New York: Basic Books, 2005); Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, “One Hell of a Gamble”: Khrushchev, Kennedy, Castro and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1958-1964 (London: John Murray, New York, 1997): the first to use Soviet intelligence records for the missile crisis; Michael Scammell (ed.), The Solzhenitsyn Files: Secret Soviet Documents Reveal One Man’s Fight against the Monolith, trans. Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (Chicago: Edition Q, 1995), a documentary case study of the KGB's obsession with "ideological subversion”; N. S. Leonov, Likholete: Sekretnye Missii (Moscow: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia, 1995), a very useful memoir; Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky (eds.), Instructions from The Centre: Top Secret Files on KGB Foreign Operations, 1955-1985 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1990), slightly revised US edition published as Comrade Kryuchkov’s Instructions: Top Secret Files on KGB Foreign Operations, 1975-1985 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993), and Raymond L Garthoff, "The KGB Reports to Gorbachev”, Intelligence and National Security, ii 2 (1996), 224-44.
For the United States, see Christopher Andrew, For The President’s Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush (New York: Harper Collins,
I995); Evan Thomas, The Very Best Men: Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995); Mary S. McAuliffe (ed.), CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 (Washington, DC: History Staff, Central Intelligence Agency, i992), Kristian Gustafson, Hostile Intent: US Covert Operations in Chile 1964-1974 (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2007); Gregory Treverton, Covert Action: The Limits of Intervention in the Postwar World (New York: Basic Books, 1987); Robert M. Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), memoirs of a former DCI; Ben Fischer (ed.), At Cold War’s End: US Intelligence on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1989-1991 (Washington, DC: Ross & Perry Inc., 2001); Loch K. Johnson, Secret Agencies: US Intelligence in a Hostile World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996); Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA (New York: Doubleday, 2007), well-written, up-to-date sources, but unbalanced; see "Sins of Omission and Commission” by Jeffrey T. Richelson in the Washington DeCoded blog. September ii, 2007, Www. washingtondecoded. com/site/2007/09/sins-of-omissio. html. Milton Bearden and James Risen, The Main Enemy: The Inside Story of the CIA’s Final Showdown with the KGB (New York: Random House, 2004)
For the United Kingdom, see Richard J. Aldrich, The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence (London: John Murray, 200i), Michael S. Goodman, Spying on the Nuclear Bear: Anglo-American Intelligence and the Atomic Bomb (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007), Peter Hennessy, The Secret State: Whitehall and the Cold War (London: Allen Lane, 2002), Sir Percy Cradock, Know Your Enemy: How the Joint Intelligence Committee Saw the World (London: John Murray, 2002), Sir Lawrence
Freedman, The Official History of the Falklands Campaign, 2 vols. (London: Routledge, 2005), Philip H. J. Davies, MI6 and the Machinery of Spying (London: Frank Cass, 2004), and Christopher Andrew, The Centenary History of the Security Service, 1909-2009 (London and New York, 2009). Official histories of SIS (1909-1949) by Keith Jeffery and of the JIC (since 1936) by Michael S Goodman are in preparation.
On forms of intelligence collection, see - for HUMINT - Kim Philby, My Silent War (London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1968); Jerrold L. Schecter and Peter S. Deriabin, The Spy Who Saved The World: How a Soviet Colonel Changed the Course of the Cold War (New York: Maxwell Macmillan International, 1992), the first to gain access to the debriefs of the most important Western agent of the early Cold War, Oleg Penkovskii; Oleg Kalugin, Spymaster: My 32 Years in Intelligence and Espionage against the West (London: Smith Gryphon, 1994); Oleg Gordievsky, Next Stop Execution: The Autobiography of Oleg Gordievsky (London: Macmillan, 1995), the autobiography of the most important Western agent of the later Cold War; Victor Cherkashin (with Gregory Feifer), Spy Handler: Memoir of a KGB Officer: The True Story of the Man who Recruited Robert Hanssen and Aldrich Ames (New York: Basic Books, 2005); Admiral Fulvio Martini, Nome in codice, ULISSE: trent' anni di storia italiana nelle memorie di un protaganista dei servizi segreti (Milan: Rizzoli, 1999); and Pierre Lethier, Argent Secret: L'espion de L'affaire Elfparle (Paris: Albin Michel, 2001).
For SIGINT, see Christopher Andrew, "The Making of the Anglo-American SIGINT Alliance, 1940-1948”, in James E. Dillard and Walter T. Hitchcock (eds.), The Intelligence Revolution and Modern Warfare (Chicago: Imprint Publications, 1996); George A. Brownell, The Origins and Development of the National Security Agency (Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press, 1981), is the report which led to the foundation of NSA and is good on the later development of the SIGINT Alliance; Jeffrey Richelson and Desmond Ball, The Ties that Bind (Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman, 1990); and Nicky Hager, Secret Power (Nelson, New Zealand: Craig Potten, 1996). By far the most closely studied SIGINT success of the Cold War is VENONA: see Roger Louis Benson and Michael Warner (eds), VENONA: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939-1937 (Washington, DC: National Security Agency and Central Intelligence Agency, 1996); John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, VENONA: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006) Nigel West, Venona: The Greatest Secret of the Cold War (London: Harper Collins, 1999); Wilhelm Agrell, Venona: Spdrenfrdn ett underrdttelsekrig (Lund: Historiska Media, 2003); Desmond Ball and David Horner, Breaking the Codes: Australia's KGB Network 1944-1950 (St. Leonards, NSW: Allen and Unwin, 1998); and John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, In Denial: Historians, Communism and Espionage (San Francisco, CA: Encounter Books, 2003). As yet, the study of SIGINT for most of the Cold War is in its infancy. Pioneering case studies include Matthew M. Aid and Cees Wiebes (eds.), Secrets of Signals Intelligence during the Cold War and Beyond (London: Frank Cass, 2001), David Stafford, Spies beneath Berlin (Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 2003), and Jean-Marie Pontaut and Jerome Dupuis, Les Oreilles du President: suive de la liste des 2000 personnes ecoutees par Francois Mitterand (Paris: Fayard, 1996).
For IMINT, see Dino A Brugioni, Eyeball to Eyeball: The Inside Story ofthe Cuban Missile Crisis (New York: Random House, 1991), an insider's account; Dino A Brugioni, "The Unidentifieds”, in H. Bradford Westerfield (ed.), Inside CIA's Private World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995); Kevin D. Ruffner (ed.), CORONA: America's First Satellite Program (Washington, DC: History Staff, Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central
Intelligence Agency, 1995); Dwayne A. Day, John M. Logsdon, and Brian Latell (eds.), Eye in the Sky: The Story of the Corona Spy Satellites (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1998); and Jeffrey Richelson, America’s Space Sentinels: DSP Satellites and National Security (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1999).