TRANSFORMER

By 1890, after a period of intense experimentation and design development, Tesla summarized the components necessary for the practical deployment of a radiant electrical pow'er distribution system. Tesla had already discovered the wonderful fact that impulse durations of 100 microseconds or less could not be sensed and would do no physiological harm. He planned to use these in his power broadcast. Furthermore, shocking waves of 100 microsecond duration passed through all matter, a fitting form of electrical energy to broadcast throughout the stone, steel, and glass of a power-needy city. Tesla would not expect distortions with specially adjusted energy fields, vectors which permeated matter without interactive effects.

Tesla made a most startling discovery the same year, when placing a long single-turn copper helix near his magnetic disrupter. The coil, some two feet in length, did not behave as did sohd copper pipes and other objects. The thin-walled coil became ensheathed in an envelope of white sparks. Undulating from the crown of this coil were very long and fluidic silvery white streamers, soft discharges which appeared to have been considerably raised in voltage. These effects were greatly intensified when the helical coil was placed within the disrupter wire circle. Inside this “shockzone”, the helical coil was surrounded in a blast which hugged into its surface, and rode up the coil to its open end. It seemed as though the shockwave actually pulled away from surrounding space to cliag to the coil surface, a strange attractive preference. The shockwave flowed over the coil at right angles to the windings, an unbelievable effect. The sheer length of discharges leaping from the helix crown was incomprehensible. With the disrupter discharge jumping 1 inch in its magnetic housing, the white flimmering discharges rose from the helix to a measured length of over two feet. This discharge equalled the very length of the coil itself! It was an unexpected and unheard transformation.

Here was an action more nearly “electrostatic” in nature, although he knew that academes would not comprehend this term when used in this situation. Electrostatic energy did not fluctuate as did his shockwaves. The explosive shockwave had characteristics unlike any other electrical machine in existence. Yet Tesla stated that the shockwave, during the brief instant in which it made its explosive appearance, more nearly resembled an electrostatic field than any other known electrical manifestation. Just as in electrostatic fiiction machines, where current and magnetism are negligible, a very energetic field component fills space in radiating lines. This “dielectric” field normally launches through space in a slow growth as charges are gathered. Here was a case where a DC generator provided the high voltage. This voltage charged an insulated hoop of copper, growing to its maximum value. If all values in the circuit were properly balanced, in the manner prescribed by Tesla, a sudden charge collapse would then occur. This collapse was necessarily very much shorter than the interval required to charge the hoop. The collapse comes when the magnetic disrupter exting;uishes the arc. If the circuit is properly structured, no backrush alternations ever occur.

This unidirectional succession of charge-discharge impulses causes a very strange field to expand outward, one which vaguely resembles a “stuttering” or “staccato” electrostatic field. But these terms did not satisfactorily describe the conditions actually measured around the apparatus, a powerful radiant effect exceeding all expectable electrostatic values. Actual calculation of these discharge ratios proved impossible. Implementing the standard magneto-inductive transformer rule, Tesla was unable to account for the enormous voltage multiplication effect. Conventional relationships failing, Tesla hypothesized that the effect was due entirely to radiant transformation rules, obviously requiring empirical determination. Subsequent measurements of discharge lengths and helix attributes provided the necessary new mathematical relationship.

He had discovered a new induction law, one where radiant shockwaves actually auto-intensified when encountering segmented objects. The segmentation was the key to releasing the action. Radiant shockwaves encountered an helix and “flashed over” the outer skin, fi'om end to end. This shockwave did not pass through the windings of the coil at all, treating the coil surface as an aerodynamic plane. The shockwave pulse auto-intensified exactly as gas pressures continually increase when passing through Venturi tubes. A consistent increase in electrical pressure was measured along the coil surface. Indeed, Tesla stated that voltages could often be increased at an amazing 10,000 volts per inch of axial coil surface. This meant that a 24 inch coil could absorb radiant shockwaves which initially measured 10,000 volts, with a subsequent maximum rise to 240,000 volts! Such transformations of voltage were unheard with apparatus of this volume and simplicity. Tesla further discovered that the output voltages were mathematically related to the resistance of turns in the helix. Higher resistance meant higher voltage maxima.

He began referring to his disrupter line as his special “primary”, and to the helical coil placed within the shockzone, as his special “secondary”. But he never intended anyone to equate these terms with those referring to magneto-electric transformers. This discovery was indeed completely different firom magneto-induction. There was a real and measurable reason why he could make this outlandish statement There was an attribute which completely baffled Tesla for a time. Tesla measured a zero current condition in these long copper secondary coils. He determined that the current which should have appeared was completely absent Pure voltage was rising with each inch of coil surface. Tesla constantly referred to his “electrostatic induction laws”, a principle which few comprehended. Tesla called the combined disrupter and secondary helix a “Transformer”.

Tesla Transformers are not magnetoelectric devices, they use radiant shockwaves, and produce pure voltage without current No university High Frequency Coil must ever be called a “Tesla Coil”, since the devices usually employed in demonstration halls are the direct result of apparatus perfected by Sir Oliver Lodge and not by Nikola Tesla The Tesla Transformer is an Impulse apparatus, and cannot be as easily constructed except by strict conformity with parameters which Tesla enunciated, Tesla Transformers produce extraordinary white impulse discharges of extreme length and pressure, which exceed the alternating violet spark displays of Lodge Coils. This is illustrated by noting the marmer in which Tesla Transformers are actually constructed. While looking and seeming the same, each system actually performs very different functions. Lodge Coils are alternators. Tesla Transformers are unidirectional impulses.

The most efficient Tesla Transformations were obtained only when the disruptive radiating wire line equalled the mass of the helical coil. The empirical determination proved that a mysterious and simple mass-to-mass correspondence necessarily existed between the disrupter apparatus and the secondary coil. Tesla learned that a simple balance beam could be used to best design his Transformers. Metal line or thick metal strapping would be cut and placed on one side of the balance. Thin copper ¦wire would be unwound from a spool and hung on the other balance beam end. When the balance was even, when the masses were identical, Tesla cut the thin wire. Transformers made in this mass-to-mass ratio consistently provided the most powerful transformations. Each Transformer conducted a specific impulse duration - with special force. Therefore each had to be “tuned” by adjusting the disrupter to that specific impulse duration. Adjustments of arc distance provided this control factor. Once each transformer was tuned to its own special response rate, impulses could flow smoothly through the system like gas flowing in a pipe.

Finding that gas-dynamic analogies and applications indeed provided him with a consistent record of successful assessments in these regards, Tesla began considering whether or not the white flame discharges, so different fi-om anything he had ever seen, might not be a gaseous manifestation of electrostatic force. There were certainly abundant experimental instances in which a purely gaseous nature, so unlike anything electrical, was being clearly made manifest. The manner in which the radiant shockwave travelled over the wire codings in white flimmering laminar streams, brought a new revolution in thought Voltage pulses traversed the secondary surface like a gas pulse under increasing constriction. Until reaching the free end of the coil, these gaseous pulses flowed over the copper surface rather than through it Tesla referred to this specific manifestation as the “skin effect”. In this the discharge greatly resembled the manner of gases in motion over surfaces.

Furthermore, whenever a metal point was connected to the upper terminal of one of his Transformers, the stream became more directive. It behaved just like a stream of water in a pipe. When the white flimmering stream was directed at distant metal plates, it produced electronic charges. This charge production could be measured as amperage, “current”, at the reception site. In transit however, no such amperage existed. Amperage appeared only when intercepted. Eric Dollard has stated that the space surrounding Tesla Impulse Transformers so surges ¦with these streams that the “interception current” can reach several hundred or even thousands of amperes. But of what was this mysterious stream composed? Tesla struggled with the doubt that these discharge phenomena might be ordinary electricity behaving in extraordinary ways. But did electricity indeed have a smooth, soft, and flimmering nature? The electricity with which he was familiar was shocking, hot, burning, deadly, piercing, stinging, all the attributes of an irritant. But this discharge phenomenon was, whether cool or warm to the touch, soft and gentle. It would not kill.

Even the manner in which the pulse exploded as bright white discharges of greatly transformed voltage, suggested the way in which gases behave when released from their confinements under pressure. These reflective meditations convinced Tesla that this effect was not purely electrical in nature. Closely examining the white flames, Tesla realized why there was no measurable “electrical current” at the crown of these activated coils. The normal heavy charge carriers, electrons, could not travel as quickly as the radiant pulse itself. Choked in the metallic lattice of the coil, electrons became immobile. No electron current moved through the coil at all. The radiant pulse which moved over the coil surface, was therefore not electronic in nature.

Additionally, Tesla discovered an amazing phenomenon which removed all doubt concerning the true nature of energetic carriers at work in his apparatus. Tesla arranged a very heavy a U-shaped copper bus-bar, coimecting both legs directly to his disrupter primary. Across the legs of this U-shaped busbar were placed several incandescent lamps. The arrangement was a very evident short circuit The lamps were illuminated to a brilliant cold white light, while being shorted by a heavy copper shunt Uncharacteristic of particulate current electricity, the bright but cold lamps revealed that another energetic current was indeed flowing through the “short-circuits”.

Those who observed this experiment did not expected it to perform any function save the incineration of the disrupter circuit and possibly of the dynamo itself. Instead of this, witnesses beheld a marvel. The lamps lit to an uncommon brightness. In this simple demonstration, Tesla was illustrating but one of his many evidences. Electronic charges would prefer the least resistant circuit, rejecting the incandescent bulbs for the copper path. The current in this situation chose to conform with a contradictory principle. Perhaps this was true because the currents were not electrical. Tesla repeatedly used this demonstration to evidence the “fractionation” of currents electronic, from currents neutral.