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Contemporary history

The twentieth century was an era of paradox. When it began, Western civilization was a patchwork of squabbling states that bestrode the world like a colossus. As the century came to an end, the West was prosperous and increasingly united, yet there were signs that despite the recent financial crisis in Asia, global economic and political hegemony were beginning to shift to the East. The era of Western dominance had come to an end. It had been an era marked by war and revolution but also by rapid industrial growth and widespread economic prosperity, a time of growing interdependence but also of burgeoning ethnic and national consciousness, a period that witnessed the rising power of science but also fervent religiosity and growing doubts about the impact of technology on the human experience. Twentieth-Century World History attempts to chronicle the key events in this revolutionary century while seeking to throw light on some of the underlying issues that shaped the times.

A HISTORY OF THE WORLD FROM THE 20th TO THE 21st CENTURY

J. A. S. Grenville

  1. THE EISENHOWER AND KENNEDY YEARS, 1954–63
  2. THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, OCTOBER 1962
  3. THE US DURING THE 1960s
  4. TURMOIL, WAR AND BLOODSHED IN SOUTH-EAST ASIA
  5. THE VIETNAM WAR AND AFTER
  6. MAO’S CHINA
  7. THE REVOLUTION CHANGES COURSE
  8. INDIA, PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH
  9. JAPAN, TAIWAN, HONG KONG, SINGAPORE AND SOUTH KOREA
  10. FROM WHITE SUPREMACY TO DEMOCRACY
  11. CRUSHING THE PRAGUE SPRING AND THE FAILURE OF REFORM
  12. FROM GREAT ASPIRATIONS TO DISILLUSION
  13. GORBACHEV, YELTSIN AND PUTIN
  14. REAGAN, BUSH AND CLINTON
  15. PREFACE
  16. THE EMERGENCE OF THE US AS A WORLD POWER
  17. THE WORLD FROM THE 20th TO THE 21st CENTURY
  18. HEREDITARY FOES AND UNCERTAIN ALLIES
  19. IMPERIAL GERMANY: ACHIEVEMENT AND EXCESS
  20. REPUBLICAN FRANCE: FROM THE ‘BELLE EPOQUE’ TO WAR
  21. ITALY: ASPIRATIONS TO POWER
  22. THE BRITISH EMPIRE PREMONITION OF DECLINE
  23. THE LAST DECADES OF THE MULTINATIONAL RUSSIAN AND HABSBURG EMPIRES
  24. THE FIVE-WEEK CRISIS, 28 JUNE–1 AUGUST 1914
  25. THE EMERGENCE OF JAPAN, 1900–29
  26. CHINA IN DISINTEGRATION, 1900–29
  27. WAR WITHOUT DECISION, 1914–16
  28. WAR AND REVOLUTION IN THE EAST, 1917
  29. THE END OF WAR IN THE WEST, 1917–18
  30. PEACEMAKING IN AN UNSTABLE WORLD, 1918–23
  31. WEIMAR GERMANY
  32. BRITAIN, FRANCE AND THE US FROM WAR TO PEACE
  33. ITALY AND THE RISE OF FASCISM
  34. THE DEPRESSION, 1929–39
  35. ‘COMMUNISM IN TRANSITION’
  36. THE FAILURE OF PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY IN GERMANY AND THE RISE OF HITLER, 1920–34
  37. THE MOUNTING CONFLICT IN EASTERN ASIA, 1928–37
  38. THE CRUMBLING PEACE, 1933–6
  39. THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR AND EUROPE, 1936–9
  40. THE OUTBREAK OF WAR IN EUROPE, 1937–9
  41. GERMANY’S WARS OF CONQUEST IN EUROPE, 1939–41
  42. THE CHINA WAR AND THE ORIGINS OF THE PACIFIC WAR, 1937–41
  43. THE ORDEAL OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR
  44. THE VICTORY OF THE ALLIES, 1941–5
  45. THE ALLIES AND THE GERMANS
  46. THE PRICE OF VICTORY AND THE EXPANDING EMPIRE
  47. A LEGACY TOO HEAVY TO BEAR
  48. A VEIL OVER THE PAST
  49. THE ENEMY FORGIVEN
  50. A RELUCTANT WORLD POWER
  51. CRISIS IN EUROPE – PRAGUE AND BERLIN
  52. THE PHILIPPINES, MALAYA, INDONESIA AND INDO-CHINA
  53. FROM THE RAJ TO INDEPENDENCE, 1947
  54. THE END OF CIVIL WAR AND THE VICTORY OF THE COMMUNISTS
  55. CRISIS IN ASIA – WAR IN KOREA
  56. A PROFILE OF THE MIDDLE EAST
  57. THE MIDDLE EAST BETWEEN TWO WORLD WARS, 1919–45
  58. BRITAIN, ISRAEL AND THE ARABS, 1945–9
  59. CRISIS IN THE MIDDLE EAST – SUEZ
  60. THE STRUGGLE FOR PREDOMINANCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST
  61. THE SOVIET UNION AND THE WEST
  62. THE POLISH CHALLENGE AND THE HUNGARIAN RISING
  63. THE SOVIET UNION AND THE WIDER WORLD
  64. CAUTION AT HOME AND CONTAINMENT ABROAD
  65. ECONOMIC GROWTH AND POLITICAL STABILITY
  66. ECONOMIC GROWTH AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY
  67. THE FIFTH REPUBLIC AND THE RETURN OF DE GAULLE
  68. BETTER TIMES AND RETREAT FROM EMPIRE
  69. THE TRIBULATIONS AND SUCCESSES OF ITALIAN DEMOCRACY
  70. AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
  71. THE WORLD OF LATIN AMERICA
  72. COSTA RICA, NICARAGUA, HONDURAS, EL SALVADOR, GUATEMALA, PANAMA AND MEXICO
  73. THE END OF WHITE RULE IN WEST AFRICA
  74. FREEDOM AND CONFLICT IN CENTRAL AND EAST AFRICA
  75. WAR AND FAMINE IN THE HORN OF AFRICA
  76. REACHING MATURITY
  77. PROGRESS DESPITE POLITICS
  78. CONSERVATIVE AND LABOUR REMEDIES
  79. THE REVIVAL OF FRANCE
  80. THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
  81. THE DEATH OF COMMUNISM IN EASTERN EUROPE
  82. CONTINUING TURMOIL AND WAR IN THE MIDDLE EAST
  83. A REQUIEM
  84. THE ‘WAR ON TERROR’
  85. THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

Twentieth-Century World History

William J. Duiker

  1. PREFACE
  2. THE RISE OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY IN THE WEST
  3. THE SPREAD OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
  4. THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
  5. New Products and New Patterns
  6. Toward a World Economy
  7. THE STRUCTURE OF MASS SOCIETY
  8. The Social Structure of Mass Societ
  9. REACTION AND REVOLUTION: THE DECLINE OF THE OLD ORDER
  10. Liberalism and Nationalism
  11. The Unification of Germany and Italy
  12. Roots of Revolution in Russia
  13. The Ottoman Empire and Nationalism in the Balkans
  14. LIBERALISM TRIUMPHANT
  15. The United States and Canada
  16. Change and Tradition in Latin America
  17. THE RISE OF THE SOCIALIST MOVEMENT
  18. TOWARD THE MODERN CONSCIOUSNESS: INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
  19. Developments in the Sciences: The Emergence of a New Physics
  20. Sigmund Freud and the Emergence of Psychoanalysis
  21. Literature and the Arts: The Culture of Modernity
  22. CONCLUSION
  23. THE HIGH TIDE OF IMPERIALISM: AFRICA AND ASIA IN AN ERA OF WESTERN DOMINANCE
  24. THE MYTH OF EUROPEAN SUPERIORITY
  25. THE SPREAD OF COLONIAL RULE
  26. The British Conquest of India
  27. The Colonial Takeover of Southeast Asia
  28. Empire Building in Africa
  29. THE GROWING EUROPEAN PRESENCE IN WEST AFRICA
  30. IMPERIALIST SHADOW OVER THE NILE
  31. THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
  32. BANTUS, BOERS, AND BRITISH IN SOUTH AFRICA
  33. THE COLONIAL SYSTEM
  34. The Philosophy of Colonialism
  35. Colonialism in Action
  36. INDIA UNDER THE BRITISH RAJ
  37. COLONIAL REGIMES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
  38. COLONIALISM IN AFRICA
  39. CONCLUSION
  40. SHADOWS OVER THE PACIFIC: EAST ASIA UNDER CHALLENGE
  41. CHINA AT ITS APEX
  42. TRADITIONAL CHINA IN DECLINE
  43. Opium and Rebellion
  44. The Climax of Imperialism in China
  45. The Open Door
  46. The Collapse of the Old Order
  47. Chinese Society in Transition
  48. TRADITIONAL JAPAN AND THE END OF ISOLATION
  49. RICH COUNTRY, STRONG ARMY
  50. The Transformation of Japanese Politics
  51. Meiji Economics
  52. Building a Modern Social Structure
  53. Joining the Imperialist Club
  54. The Meiji Restoration: A Revolution from Above
  55. Reflection
  56. WAR AND REVOLUTION: WORLD WAR I AND ITS AFTERMATH
  57. INTERNATIONAL RIVALRY AND THE COMING OF WAR
  58. The Road to World War I
  59. The Yanks Are Comin
  60. The Home Front: The Impact of Total War
  61. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
  62. The Bolshevik Revolution
  63. The Civil War
  64. An Uncertain Peace: The Search for Security
  65. No Return to Normalcy
  66. The Great Depression
  67. Socialism in One Country
  68. THE SEARCH FOR A NEW REALITY IN THE ARTS
  69. CONCLUSION
  70. NATIONALISM, REVOLUTION, AND DICTATORSHIP: AFRICA, ASIA, AND LATIN AMERICA FROM 1919 TO 1939
  71. THE RISE OF NATIONALISM
  72. Traditional Resistance: A Precursor to Nationalism
  73. Modern Nationalism
  74. INDEPENDENCE OR MODERNIZATION? THE NATIONALIST QUANDARY
  75. GANDHI AND THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
  76. MUSTAPHA KEMAL AND THE MODERNIZATION OF TURKEY
  77. MODERNIZATION IN IRAN
  78. THE RISE OF ARAB NATIONALISM AND THE PROBLEM OF PALESTINE
  79. Nationalism and Revolution in Asia and Africa
  80. REVOLUTION IN CHINA
  81. Mr. Science and Mr. Democracy: The New Culture Movement
  82. The Nanjing Republic
  83. Social Change in Republican China
  84. Experiment in Democracy
  85. A Zaibatsu Economy
  86. Shidehara Diplomacy
  87. The Economy and the United States
  88. The Move to Authoritarianism
  89. Latin American Culture
  90. CONCLUSION
  91. THE CRISIS DEEPENS: THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR II
  92. RETREAT FROM DEMOCRACY: THE RISE OF DICTATORIAL REGIMES
  93. The Birth of Fascism
  94. Hitler and Nazi Germany
  95. HITLER’S RISE TO POWER, 1919–1933
  96. THE NAZI STATE, 1933–1939
  97. Authoritarian States in Europe
  98. The Soviet Union
  99. The Rise of Militarism in Japan
  100. The Path to War in Europe
  101. STALIN SEEKS A UNITED FRONT
  102. DECISION AT MUNICH
  103. Europe at War
  104. Asia at War
  105. The Turning Point of the War, 1942–1943
  106. The Last Years of the War
  107. The New Order in Europe
  108. The Holocaust
  109. The New Order in Asia
  110. THE HOME FRONT: THREE EXAMPLES
  111. AFTERMATH OF THE WAR
  112. CONCLUSION
  113. Reflection
  114. IN THE GRIP OF THE COLD WAR: THE BREAKDOWN OF THE YALTA SYSTEM
  115. THE COLLAPSE OF THE GRAND ALLIANCE
  116. The Truman Doctrine and the Beginnings of Containment
  117. Europe Divided
  118. COLD WAR IN ASIA
  119. The Chinese Civil War
  120. The Korean War
  121. Conflict in Indochina
  122. FROM CONFRONTATION TO COEXISTENCE
  123. Khrushchev and the Era of Peaceful Coexistence
  124. The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Move Toward Détente
  125. The Sino-Soviet Dispute
  126. The Second Indochina War
  127. AN ERA OF EQUIVALENCE
  128. An End to Détente?
  129. Countering the Evil Empire
  130. CONCLUSION
  131. BRAVE NEW WORLD: THE RISE AND FALL OF COMMUNISM IN THE SOVIET UNION AND EASTERN EUROPE
  132. From Stalin to Khrushchev
  133. The Brezhnev Years, 1964–1982
  134. A CONTROLLED SOCIETY
  135. A STAGNANT ECONOMY
  136. PROBLEMS OF GERONTOCRACY
  137. FERMENT IN EASTERN EUROPE
  138. CULTURE AND SOCIETY IN THE SOVIET BLOC
  139. Cultural Expression
  140. Social Changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
  141. THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE SOVIET EMPIRE
  142. The Gorbachev Era
  143. The New Russia: From Empire to Nation
  144. Eastern Europe: From Soviet Satellites to Sovereign Nations
  145. CONCLUSION
  146. POSTWAR EUROPE: ON THE PATH TO UNITY?
  147. WESTERN EUROPE: RECOVERY AND RENEWAL
  148. The Triumph of Democracy in Postwar Europe
  149. FRANCE: EXPECTATIONS OF GRANDEUR
  150. WEST GERMANY: THE ECONOMIC MIRACLE
  151. GREAT BRITAIN: SUNSET FOR THE EMPIRE
  152. Western Europe: The Search for Unity
  153. EUROPE REUNITED: THE CURTAIN RISES
  154. The Disintegration of Yugoslavia
  155. Germany: The Party’s Over
  156. France: A Season of Discontent
  157. Great Britain: Move to the Left
  158. The Move Toward European Unity: Staying the Course?
  159. An Age of Affluence
  160. Expanding Roles for Women
  161. The Environment and the Green Movements
  162. ASPECTS OF CULTURE IN POSTWAR EUROPE
  163. THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, AND LATIN AMERICA
  164. THE EMERGENCE OF THE UNITED STATES
  165. The United States Moves Right
  166. Return to Hegemony
  167. TERRORIST ATTACK ON THE UNITED STATES
  168. CANADA: IN THE SHADOW OF GOLIATH
  169. DEMOCRACY, DICTATORSHIP, AND DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA SINCE 1945
  170. THE CUBAN REVOLUTION
  171. CHILE
  172. NICARAGUA
  173. Nationalism and the Military: The Examples of Argentina and Brazil
  174. ARGENTINA
  175. BRAZIL
  176. The Mexican Way
  177. The Melting Pot in Action
  178. Women and Society
  179. The Environment
  180. TRENDS IN THE ARTS
  181. Popular Culture
  182. THE SEARCH FOR A NEW LITERATURE
  183. Science and Technology
  184. CONCLUSION
  185. THE EAST IS RED: CHINA UNDER COMMUNISM
  186. New Democracy
  187. The Transition to Socialism
  188. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
  189. From Mao to Deng
  190. Incident at Tiananmen Square
  191. From Marx to Confucius
  192. The Politics of the Mass Line
  193. Economics in Command
  194. CHINA’S CHANGING CULTURE
  195. CONCLUSION
  196. UHURU: THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE
  197. The Colonial Legacy
  198. THE SEARCH FOR SOLUTIONS
  199. THE SEARCH FOR COMMUNITY
  200. RECENT TRENDS
  201. CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN MODERN AFRICAN SOCIETIES
  202. African Women
  203. African Culture
  204. AFRICA: DARK OR RADIANT CONTINENT?
  205. CONCLUSION: GATHERED AT THE BEACH
  206. CRESCENT OF CONFLICT
  207. The Question of Palestine
  208. Nasser and Pan-Arabism
  209. The Arab-Israeli Dispute
  210. Revolution in Iran
  211. Crisis in the Gulf
  212. POLITICS IN THE CONTEMPORARY MIDDLE EAST
  213. The Economics of Oil
  214. The Islamic Revival
  215. Women and Islam
  216. KEEPING THE CAMEL OUT OF THE TENT
  217. CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE AND ART IN THE MIDDLE EAST
  218. CONCLUSION
  219. NATIONALISM TRIUMPHANT: THE EMERGENCE OF INDEPENDENT STATES IN SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
  220. The End of the British Raj
  221. Independent India
  222. AN EXPERIMENT IN DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM
  223. TWO VISIONS FOR INDIA
  224. THE POST-NEHRU ERA
  225. The Land of the Pure: Pakistan Since Independence
  226. THE POLITICS OF COMMUNALISM
  227. THE ECONOMY
  228. SAY NO TO MCDONALD’S AND KFC!
  229. CASTE, CLASS, AND GENDER
  230. South Asian Art and Literature Since Independence
  231. Gandhi’s Vision
  232. SOUTHEAST ASIA
  233. THE SEARCH FOR A NEW POLITICAL CULTURE
  234. THE GOLDEN THROAT OF PRESIDENT SUKARNO
  235. RECENT TRENDS TOWARD DEMOCRACY
  236. INCREASING PROSPERITY AND FINANCIAL CRISIS
  237. Regional Conflict and Cooperation: The Rise of ASEAN
  238. Daily Life: Town and Country in Contemporary Southeast Asia
  239. Cultural Trends
  240. A REGION IN FLUX
  241. TOWARD THE PACIFIC CENTURY?
  242. JAPAN: ASIAN GIANT
  243. THE EMPEROR IS NOT DIVINE
  244. The Transformation of Modern Japan: Politics and Government
  245. The Economy
  246. A Society in Transition
  247. Religion and Culture
  248. SOUTH KOREA: A PENINSULA DIVIDED
  249. TAIWAN: THE OTHER CHINA
  250. SINGAPORE AND HONG KONG: THE LITTLEST TIGER
  251. ON THE MARGINS OF ASIA: POSTWAR AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
  252. CONCLUSION
  253. Reflection
  254. CONSTRUCTING A NEW WORLD ORDER
  255. AFTER THE COLD WAR: THE END OF HISTORY?
  256. PROBLEMS OF CAPITALISM
  257. CONTEMPORARY CIVILIZATION AND ITS DISCONTENTS
  258. Europe: Unity or Disunity?
  259. The United States: Capitalism Ascendant
  260. Asian Miracle or Asian Myth?
  261. Crises in the Balkans, 1908–1913
  262. Illusions and Stalemate, 1914–1915
  263. The Great Slaughter, 1916–1917
  264. The Last Year of the War
  265. The Peace Settlement
  266. The Path to War in Asia
  267. THE LEGACY OF THE PAST: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN CHINESE SOCIETY
  268. Reflection
  269. EMERGING AFRICA
  270. The Rise of Nationalism
  271. Pan-Africanism and Nationalism: The Destiny of Africa
  272. Dream and Reality: Political and Economic Conditions in Contemporary Africa
  273. FROM THE INDUSTRIAL TO THE TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION
  274. The Family
  275. Religion
  276. Technology
  277. Capitalism
  278. ONE WORLD, ONE ENVIRONMENT
  279. THE POPULATION DEBATE
  280. GLOBAL VILLAGE OR CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS?
  281. THE ARTS: MIRROR OF THE AGE
  282. AN AGE OF POSTMODERNISM