1. Lysias Funeral Oration 4. Abkhaz Nart saga, Colarusso 2002, 360-61. Lebe-dynsky 2010, 132-39. Residues of horse milk and meat on pottery by 4500 BC in western Eurasia; history of horse domestication/riding: Beckwith 2009, 60-61;
Baumer 2012, 83-86. West 1999; Anthony 2007, 193-224; thanks to Graham Harden, Kyrgyzstan, per corr May 13, 2013. Olsen and Harding 2008. Strabo 11.5.1; 12.8.6. Nomadic horse culture: Ammianus Marcellinus 31.2. Ancient horsemanship, Anderson 1961. Special thanks to Kris Ellingsen for horse knowledge and to Kent Madin and Linda Svendsen, for riding traditions of Central Asia.
2. Weatherford 2010, 120-21. Colarusso 2002, Saga 30, 169: one rider on either side and one in the middle could control a large horse herd. Baumer 2012, 86.
3. Kohanov 2001. Rolle in Amazonen 2010, 160-63. Gender and horses, Olsen and Harding 2008. On the far eastern steppes, grave evidence suggests that eating horse meat was a masculine activity, while horse riding and hunting were female activities: Shelach 2008, 103-105.
4. Justin 9.2-3.
5. Raiding horses in early modern times, Klaproth 1814; Bryce 1878; horse rustling in Caucasus Nart lore, Hunt 2012, 130-46; and Colarusso 2002, 169. Paus-anias 1.21.5-6, each Sarmatian nomad “owns many mares.” Murphy 2003, 11. Sa-mashev and Francfort 2002. Horses’ prominence in steppe cultures, Chadwick and Zhirmunsky 2010, 48, 95, 119-22.
6. Kohanov 2001, 52-56; Harrison 2012.
7. Strabo 7.4.8. Ammianus Marcellinus 17.12.2. Breaking stallions: Colarusso 2002, 360-61. Pliny 8.66.165. Pausanias 1.21.6. Rolle 1989 101-9. Cernenko 1983, 39.
8. Strabo 17.3.6-7; Arrian Cynegeticus 23-24 cited in Anderson 1961, 118-19. to Linda Svendsen for insight into the scene.
9. On the development of bridle bits on the steppes, Baumer 2012, 84-87; stirrups relatively late invention, spreading from Central Asia to Europe in the Middle Ages. Jigit, Hunt 2012.Vase from Etruria, Bothmer 1957, 111; Shapiro 1983, 112n46. to Roberta Beene for horse sense and Parthian shot techniques.
10. Herodotus 4.28.4; Strabo 7.3.18. Cernenko 1983, 39, suggests three types: scarce Akhal Teke types, small all-purpose horses, and even smaller horses used for meat. Horse pemmican was made by drying and pounding strips of meat with salt and spices, Chadwick and Zhirmunsky 2010. Surprising genetics of horses buried at Arzhan 1 and 2 (chapter 4) showed “considerable distance from Przewalski’s horse, Baumer 2012, 184-85.
11. Weatherford 2010, 118-19.
12. Amazons with horses in art, Bothmer 1957, 22; 97-110, 175-84. Herodotus 4.52. Homer Iliad 10.423-514. Xenophon Anabasis 7.3.26. Strabo 11.13.7. Rolle 1989, 95-99.
13. Colvin 1883, 358, 365-66. Amazon charioteers in vase paintings, Bothmer 1957, 84-88, 106-9
14. Strabo 11.11.8; 11.14.9. Herodotus 4.189.3; 4.193; 5.9.
15. Nettos Painter, amphora, 7th century BC, NY, Metropolitan Museum 11.210.1. A vase by the Suessula Painter (fig. 11.2) depicts what appears to be an Amazon dressed in Median style driving a four-hourse chariot with a barbarian male passenger, while a similarly attired Amazon with a sagaris leads the way. to Michael Padgett for useful discussion of this scene; Padgett 2014.
16. Rhyton, Boston Museum of Fine Arts 21.2286. Bothmer 1957, 222; Cohen 2006, 284-87 with photos.
17. Maslow 1997. The horse breed, first registered in 1897, was named for the Akhal oasis and the Teke tribe of Turkmenistan. Harrison 2012, 307-12. to Linda Svendsen, who rode an Akhal Teke in Turkmenistan, for helpful comments.
18. Klaproth 1814, 222, 268-69—the symbol appears in the illustration of tam-gas of the northwest Caucasus on p 18, bottom row, in Lebedynsky 2011. to Maya Muratov, per corr Dec 9, 2012. Other traditional brands in the Caucasus were horseshoes and triskelions.
19. Brands on horses, eg the hydria in Basel by the Archippe Painter and Vatican Painter amphora 530 BC, Minneapolis Institute of Art 57.1. Athenian cavalry brands, Kroll 1977. Amazon branded horse by the Woolly Satyr Painter, New York 07.286.84; he painted other branded horses, eg San Antonio 86.134.76. Moore 1971, 378-81.
20. Sulimirski 1970; Brzezinski and Mielczarek 2002, 10-11, 35-37, 46.
21. Rudenko 1970; Minns 1913, 46-49; 155-65; Xenophon On Horsemanship 7; Rolle 1989, 103-6. Herodotus 4.22; Aelian Historical Miscellany 12.37. Bothmer 1957, 104.
22. Herodotus 1.215. Rolle in Amazonen 2010, 160-63.
23. See Edmunds 1997, on an Athenian legend about a girl buried with a horse (mentioned by the orator Aeschines in 346 BC, later by Callimachus, Ovid, and Dio Chrysostom), a folk explanation for an ancient site in Athens known as the “place of the Horse and the Maiden.” It was said that a maiden named Leimone had been punished by her father Hippomenes for losing her virginity. Leimone (“Meadow”) is not a known Athenian name; Hippomenes (“Horse Spirit”) was the name of the suitor who raced Atalanta in the myth. Leimone was locked up with a horse, which killed her; both were entombed. In later versions, the girl was intimate with her horse; her punishment was to be raped and devoured by the horse. Was an actual burial of a girl and a horse discovered in antiquity and explained by the strange, morbid tale, or did an ancient monument in Athens depicting a girl and a horse arouse speculation and storytelling.? Burials with sacrificed horses are very rare in Greece (archaeologists know one archaic instance of horses buried with a man and woman at Lefkandi, Euboea). Among the Scythian nomads, sacrificed horses were typical of burials of both men and women of the steppes: Baumer 2012 and see chapter 4. In about 450 BC, Herodotus described such sacrifices of horses and their placement in graves in great detail. Was Leimone once the heroine of an old tale about another would-be Greek “Amazon”.? The legend suggests that the Greeks, when confronted with evidence of a girl closely associated with a horse, resorted to their tragic mythic script of a violent death for a sexually free young woman—the same fate meted out to Amazons.
24. Lebedynsky 2010, 232-36. Ivantchik 2011; Rolle 1989. Brzezinski and Mielczarek 2002, 35-36. Genetics, Baumer 2012, 184-85.
25. Berel grave goods: Samashev and Francfort 2002; pollen in the horses’ intestines indicated they were killed in autumn. Keyser-Tracqui et al. 2005.
26. Lebedynsky 2010, 255-76. Ammianus Marcellinus 23.6.31 and 50. Other theories about antlered horse masks, Baumer 2012, 187-88.
27. Herodotus 4.13; 4.27. Bolton 1962, 37-75, 181. See Marazov 2011a, 247-48. Mayor 2009, 22-33. to Linda Svendsen for horse details.
28. A dog runs alongside an Amazon, Philadelphia 4832, ca 525 BC; many other Amazons’ dogs, Bothmer 1957, eg 51, 103, 109. Xenophon On Hunting 13.18.
29. Olsen and Harding 2008, 69. Herodotus 4.22.
30. Strabo 11.4.4-5. Hunting dogs in Scythian art, Lebedynsky 2010, 149. Hunt 2012.
31. Cybele on lion, late 5th century BC, Boston 10.187; a peculiar vase (Theseus Painter, 500 BC, Boston 99.523) shows an Amazon archer riding on a lion and confronting a monster. Shields: Bothmer 1957. Chase 1902, 97-115. Atalanta was associated with lions, see the prologue. Aelian On Animals 6.2, 15.14, 18.26; Aelian Historical Miscellany; Semiramis, 12.39, italics added; frieze, Gera 1997, 78-79.
32. Ancient history of falconry and hawking, Epstein 1943, 497-505. Weatherford 2010, 15. Ctesias cited by Aelian Historical Miscellany 12.39. Horse, dog, and eagles in Caucasus tales: Colarusso 2002, 57-58, 67, 72, 127, 171; Hunt 2012, 11, 191. In Kyrgyz and Kazakh epics, eg Chadwick and Zhirmunsky 2010, 48, 86.
33. The eagle is simply called a “flying bird” in the text for gold ring, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 21.1204.
34. Hunting eagles perch on carved Y-shaped wooden supports that fit into heavy leather sheaths on the right side of the horse. Zhumatov 2012.
35. to Linda Svendsen and Kent Madin for sharing their experiences of eagle hunting on horseback in Kazakhstan. Elizabeth Barber brought the falconer’s mitt at Urumchi to my attention. Tarim mummies: Mallory and Mair 2008; falconry and the woman’s leather mitt: Barber 2000, 28, 196-99, fig 10.3.
36. Zhumatov 2012. Video interview: reuters. com/video/2012/03/08/female-ea gle-hunter-reaches-new-heights.?videoId=231446109&videoChannel=4. Falcon and eagle hunting in Nart sagas, Hunt 2012, 21.
37. Herodotus 4.134; rabbit hunting; hunting artifacts and weapons in women’s burials, Shelach 2008, 104-5 and fig 5.1.
World History
