1 I am very grateful to Toni Naco des Hoyo and Luuk de Ligt for their helpful comments.
2 Bowler 1975, 40.
3 Among the vast literature, Tilly 1990; Porter 1994; Glete 2002.
4 Timpe 1990.
5 See Galsterer 1976, 21ff.; Forsythe and Rich (in this volume).
6 Hantos 1983, 109ff.
7 Galsterer 1976, 65ff.; Hantos 1983, 150ff.; Harris 1984.
8 Hantos 1983, 122ff.
9 Keppie 1984, 63-77. On the cavalry: McCall 2002, 100-13.
10 On the food supply of republican armies, see Erdkamp 1995, 1998; Roth 1999.
11 On these campaigns, Richardson 1986, 126ff.
12 Late fifth century: Cornell 1995, 187, 313. Late fourth century: Raaflaub 1996, 290.
13 Schwahn 1939, 7-8; Nicolet 1978.
14 Crawford 1985, 17.
15 Crawford 1985, 29-51; Harl 1996, 21-37. Challenging old assumptions is Wolters 2000/2001.
16 On the vectigal, Naco des Hoyo 2003.
17 Howgego 1994, 17f.; Naco del Hoyo 2003, 165. Cf. Richardson 1976; 1986, 112ff.
18 Lintott 1993, 50ff.; Richardson 1994, 580ff. On the apparitores, Purcell 1983.
19 Livy (23.48.4-49.4; 25.3.8-5.1) does contain a story about fraudulent publicani shipping grain to Spain during the Second Punic War, but - in my opinion - the story has to be rejected as complete fiction. However, the older literature assumes that large-scale contractors took care of all aspects of the military food supply. See in particular, Badian 1972. Although accepting that this was not normally the case, some might want to argue that the story in Livy reflects the unusual situation of those years.
20 Erdkamp 2000. Cf. Garnsey 1988, 182ff.
21 Richardson 1994, 564ff. On the lex provinciae, Lintott 1993, 28ff.
22 Harris 1972; Galsterer 1976, 149ff. See Campbell 2000, 454ff. for a list of such disputes in Italy and the provinces.
23 Lintott 1993, 55ff.; Richardson 1994, 577ff., 594ff.
World History
