James, Harold, International Monetary Cooperation Since Bretton Woods (Washington, DC, 1995).
Kindleberger, Charles P., The World in Depression, 1929-1939 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1986).
Lewis, W. Arthur, Economic Survey, 1919-1939 (London, i953).
The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind (Washington, DC, 1972).
Maddison, Angus, Phases of Capitalist Development (Oxford,
1982).
European Rescue of the Nation-State (London, 1992). Skidelsky, Robert, John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour (London, 1992).
Milward, Alan S., War, Economy and Society, 1939-1945 (London, 1977).
-The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945-1951
(Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1984).
--(with George Brennan and Federico Romero), The
Van der Wee, Herman, Prosperity and Upheaval: The World Economy, 1945-1980 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1986).
Van Dormael, Armand, Bretton Woods: Birth of a Monetary System (New York, 1978).
8. Warfare in Europe since 1918
Berghahn, V. (ed.), Germany in the Age of Total War (Oxford, 1981).
Bialer, U., The Shadow of the Bomber: The Fear of Air Attack and British Politics, 1932-1939 (London, 1980). First-rate introduction to the issues of a moral and political nature raised by air power.
Ceadel, M., Pacifism in Britain, 1914-1945 (Oxford, 1981). A valuable case-study of the strong anti-war feeling in Europe after the First World War.
Deist, W., The Wehrmacht and German Rearmament (London, 1981). One of the best detailed surveys of 1930s’ rearmament.
Erickson, J., The Road to Stalingrad (London, 1975).
-The Road to Berlin (London, 1983). A classic study of the
Eastern front in the Second World War.
Faringden, H., Confrontation: The Strategic Geography of NATO and the Warsaw Pact (London, 1986). An indispensable study of the defence posture of East and West during the later stages of the Cold War.
Freedman, L., Britain and Nuclear Weapons (London, 1980). One of the best surveys of a European nuclear force.
Glantz, D. M., The Military Strategy of the Soviet Union: A History (London, 1992). A thorough survey of Soviet military thinking and force development from the Revolution to the 1980s.
Hardesty, V., Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power (London, 1982). A thorough and original survey of Soviet air power.
Howard, M., Birke, A., and Ahmann, R. (eds.), The Quest for Stability: Problems of West European Security, 1918-1957 (Oxford, 1993).
Kimball, W., Reynolds, D., and Chubarian, A. (eds.), Allies at War: The Soviet, American and British Experience, 1939-1945 (New York, 1994).
Mardo, R. di, Mechanized Juggernaut or Military Anachronism: Horses and the German Army in World War II (London, 1991). A remarkable study which convincingly demolishes the myths of German technical power in the Second World War.
Martin, L., Arms and Strategy: An International Survey of Modern Defence (London, 1973). The standard work on the Cold War era.
Mendl, W., Deterrence and Persuasion: French Nuclear Armament in the Context of National Policy (London, 1970).
Millett, A. R., and Murray, W. (eds.), Military Effectiveness, 1914-1945, 3 vols. (London, 1988).
Northedge, F. S., The League of Nations: Its Life and Times (Leicester, 1986). The best and most up-to-date assessment of the League and its problems.
Orgill, D., The Tank: Studies in the Development and Use of a Weapon (London, 1970).
Overy, R. J., The Air War, 1939-1945 (London, 1980).
Parker, R. A. C., Struggle for Survival: The History of the Second World War (Oxford, 1989). The best general survey of the conflict.
Rosen, B. R., The Sources of Military Doctrine: France, Britain and Germany between the Wars (Ithaca, NY, 1984).
Roskill, S., The Navy at War, 1939-1945 (London, 1960). The best single-volume study of Europe’s major sea power in the Second World War.
Thayer, G., The War Business: The International Trade in
Armaments (New York, 1969). The classic study of the modern arms trade.
Wright, G., The Ordeal of Total War (New York, 1968). An excellent one-volume survey that has stood the test of time well.
Young, R. J., In Command of France: French Foreign Policy and Military Planning, 1933-1940 (Cambridge, Mass., 1978).
9. European Society in the Twentieth Century
Aldcroft, Derek, The European Economy, 1914-1980 (London, 1980). Basic text on the economic background.
Ambrosius, Gerold, A Social and Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge, Mass., 1989). Clear and comprehensive.
Bock, Gisela, and Thane, Pat (eds.), Maternity and Gender Politics: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States (London, 1991). An important collection of essays on a vital theme.
Castles, Stephen, and Kosack, Godula, Immigrant Workers and Class Structure in Western Europe (Oxford, 1985).
Chant, Colin (ed.), Science, Technology and Everyday Life, 1870-1950 (London, 1989).
Cipolla, Carlo (ed.), The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Twentieth Century (London, 1976).
Crampton, Richard J., Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century (London, 1994).
Cross, Gary, Time and Money: The Making of Consumer Culture (London, 1993). Focuses on the United States as well as France and Britain during the inter-war years.
Gilbert, Felix, and Large, David Clay, The End of the European Era: 1890 to the Present (4th edn., London, 1991). First published in 1970, focusing mainly on political developments.
Harvie, Christopher, The Rise of Regional Europe (London,
1994). By taking regions, rather than nation-states, as the focus, challenges how we view European society and politics.
Hayes, Paul (ed.), Themes in Modern European History, 1890-1945 (London, 1994).
Hobsbawm, Eric, The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991 (London, 1994). Brilliant survey by the master, who has seen it all and has retained his faith in Marxism.
Kaelble, Hartmut, A Social History of Western Europe, 1880-1980 (Dublin, 1990).
Landes, David S., The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (Cambridge, 1969). A classic text.
Lewis, Jane (ed.), Women and Social Policies in Europe (Aldershot, 1993). An important collection of essays on women’s position in family and employment; the focus is contemporary, but contains much historical background.
Noin, Daniel, and Woods, Robert (eds.), The Changing Population of Europe (Oxford, 1993).
Pollard, Sidney, Peaceful Conquest: The Industrialisation of Europe, 1760-1970 (Oxford, 1981).
Shelly, Monica and Winch, Margaret (eds.), Aspects of European Cultural Diversity (Milton Keynes, 1993). See especially the stimulating essay by Wolfgang Kaschuba on ‘Everyday Culture’.
Stearns, Peter N., European Society in Upheaval: Social History since 1750 (London, 1975).
Thompson, Paul, Our Common History: The Transformation of Europe (London, 1982). Fascinating insights, based on oral testimony, on a variety of topics.
Tipton, Frank B., and Aldrich, Robert, An Economic and Social History of Europe, 1890-1939 (Basingstoke, 1987).
-and-An Economic and Social History of Europe from
1939 to the Present (Basingstoke, 1987).
10. From Modernism to Post-modernism
Arac, Jonathan (ed.), Postmodernism and Politics (Minneapolis,
1986). Important essays on the political implications of postmodernism.
Berger, John, The Moment of Cubism and Other Essays (New York, 1969). Insightful Marxist reading of visual modernism.
Berman, Marshall, All That is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York, 1982). A lively consideration of the links between modernization and aesthetic modernism.
Best, Steven, and Kellner, Douglas, Postmodern Theory: Critical Interrogations (New York, 1991). Useful general account of current debates.
Bradbury, Malcolm, and McFarlane, James (eds.), Modernism: 1890-1930 (New York, 1978). Helpful essays on the cities, movements, and personalities of modernism.
Burger, Peter, Theory of the Avant-Garde, trans. Michael Shaw (Minneapolis, 1984). An indispensable theoretical account of the differences between modernism and the avant-garde.
Burgin, Victor, The End of Art Theory: Criticism and Postmodernity (Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1986). Thoughtful reflections of a post-modernist artist and critic.
Calinescu, Matei, Five Faces of Modernity: Modernism, Avant-Garde, Decadence, Kitsch, Postmodernism (Durham, NC,
1987). Careful historical analyses of the major concepts in its subtitle.
Chipp, Herschel B. (ed.), Theories of Modern Art (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1970). A wide-ranging collection of documents from the heyday of modernism.
Clark, T. J., The Painting of Modern Life: Paris in the Art of Manet and his Followers (Princeton, 1984). A controversial reading of impressionism and its relations to the modern world.
Foster, Hal (ed.), The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture (Seattle, 1983). Fundamental essays in the debate over post-modernism.
Frampton, Kenneth, Modern Architecture: A Critical History (London, 1985). A magisterial history of modernist architecture.
Goldwater, Robert, Primitivism in Modern Art (Cambridge, Mass., 1986). An important account of a central theme in early modernism.
Greenberg, Clement, Art and Culture: Critical Essays (Boston, 1961). Classic essays by the leading theoretician of visual modernism.
Guilbaut, Serge, How New York Stole the Idea of Modern Art: Abstract Expressionism, Freedom, and the Cold War, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago, 1983). Iconoclastic critique of the relationship between art and politics.
Habermas, Jurgen, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity, trans. Frederick Lawrence (Cambridge, Mass., 1987). Powerful defence of one version of the modern project against its post-modern critics.
Harvey, David, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Oxford, 1989). Shrewd Marxist analysis of the sources of post-modernity.
Hassan, Ihab, The Postmodern Turn: Essays in Postmodern Theory and Culture (Columbus, Oh., 1987). Imaginative attempt to illustrate and defend post-modernism.
Hoesterey, Ingeborg (ed.), Zeitgeist in Babel: The Postmodernist Controversy (Bloomington, Ind., 1991). Many of the most important contributions to the international debate over postmodernism.
Howe, Irving (ed.), The Idea of the Modern in Art and Literature (New York, 1967). An older collection of classic commentaries.
Hughes, Robert, The Shock of the New (New York, 1981). A lively and influential reading of modernist developments.
Huyssen, Andreas, After the Great Divide: Modernism, Mass Culture, Postmodernism (Bloomington, Ind., 1986). Excellent essays on the implications for modernism and postmodernism of mass culture.
Jameson, Fredric, Postmodernism, Or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham, NC, 1991). An ambitious Marxist reading of the links between post-modernism and the totality of relations in contemporary capitalism.
Jencks, Charles, The Language of Post-Modern Architecture (New York, 1984). A spirited defence of post-modern trends in architecture.
Kaplan, E. Ann (ed.), Postmodernism and its Discontents:
Theories, Practices (London, 1988). Essays on a wide range of themes in post-modernist theory and practice.
Karl, Frederick R., Modern and Modernism: The Sovereignty of the Artist, 1885-1925 (New York, 1985). Traditional account of modernism, resisting the novelty of the post-modern.
Kenner, Hugh, The Pound Era (Berkeley, and Los Angeles, 1971). A classic analysis of Anglo-American high modernist literature.
Kostelanetz, Richard (ed.), The Avant-Garde Tradition in Literature (Buffalo, 1982). A useful collection of seminal texts, especially concerning poetry.
Krauss, Rosalind E., Passages in Modern Sculpture (New York, 1977). A subtle account of recent trends in sculpture and its successors.
¦ The Originality of the Avant-Garde and Other Modernist
Myths (Cambridge, Mass., 1985). An important critique of the high modernist consensus.
The Optical Unconscious (Cambridge, Mass., 1993).
Provocative essays against Greenberg and other defenders of modernist notions of pure opticality.
Kroker, Arthur, and Cook, David, The Postmodern Scene (New York, 1986). Devotees of the scene celebrate its implications.
Levin, Harry, Memories of the Moderns (New York, 1980). Personal and theoretical accounts of classic modernists.
Lunn, Eugene, Marxism and Modernism: An Historical Study of Lukacs, Brecht, Benjamin and Adorno (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1982). A helpful survey of the ways in which avant-garde art and radical politics intersected in the 20th century.
Lyotard, Jean-Frangois, The Postmodern Condition, trans. Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi (Minneapolis, 1984). A crucial defence of post-modernity as the end of grand narratives.
McGowan, John, Postmodernism and Its Critics (Ithaca, NY, 1991). A useful overview of recent debates.
Mitchell, Donald, The Language of Modern Music (New York,
1970). A clear presentation of the issues in 20th-century music.
Ortega y Gasset, Jose, The Dehumanization of Art, trans. Helene Weyl (Princeton, 1968). A classic critique of modernism’s alleged anti-humanism.
Owens, Craig, Beyond Recognition: Representation, Power, and Culture, ed. Scott Bryson, Barbara Kruger, Lynne Tilman, and Jane Weinstock (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1992). A politically charged defence of recent cultural trends, especially sensitive to issues of gender.
Poggioli, Renato, The Theory of the Avant-garde, trans. Gerald Fitzgerald (Cambridge, Mass., 1968). An influential account of the underlying assumptions of modernism; a foil for Peter Burger’s later account.
Quinones, Ricardo, Mapping Literary Modernism: Time and Development (Princeton, 1985). A useful overview.
Rogoff, Irit (ed.), The Divided Heritage: Themes and Problems in German Modernism (Cambridge, 1991). Disparate essays on visual arts in 20th-century Germany.
Schwartz, Sanford, The Matrix of Modernism: Pound, Eliot, and Early Twentieth-Century Thought (Princeton, 1985). A thoughtful exploration of the philosophical issues in modernist poetry.
Shattuck, Roger, The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant-Garde in France, 1885 to World War I (New York, 1968). A wonderfully written evocation of belle epoque Paris seen through four of its most innovative artists.
Spender, Stephen, The Struggle of the Modern (London, 1963). A still useful statement about modernist poetics.
Vattimo, Gianni, The End of Modernity (Oxford, 1985). A defence of ‘weak thought’ in the post-modern era.
Wallis, Brian (ed.), Art after Modernism: Rethinking Representation (New York, 1984). Important essays on shifts in the visual arts.
Wilson, Edmund, Axel’s Castle: A Study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930 (London, 1961). A classic analysis of the importance of symbolism for early modernist authors.
Wollen, Peter, Raiding the Icebox: Reflections on Twentieth-Century Culture (London, 1993). Lively investigations of a variety of themes from Russian ballet to situationism.
11. Europe Divided and Reunited, 1945-1995
General
Wegs, J. Robert, Europe since 1945: A Concise History (3rd edn., London, 1991). A wide coverage, including economics, society, and culture.
Young, John W., Cold War Europe, 1945-1989: A Political History (London, 1991).
The Cold War
Ellwood, David W., Rebuilding Europe: Western Europe, America and Postwar Recovery (London, 1992). A useful introduction to the Atlantic economic nexus, 1945-61.
Grosser, Alfred, The Western Alliance: European-American Relations since 1945 (London, 1980). Particularly strong on France and Germany and also on cultural relations.
Kaplan, Lawrence S., NATO and the United States: The Enduring Alliance (2nd edn., New York, 1994). The American angle.
Loth, Wilfried, The Division of the World, 1941-1955 (London, 1988). A good overview of Cold War origins, from a German viewpoint.
Nogee, Joseph L., and Donaldson, Robert L., Soviet Foreign Policy since World War II (3rd edn., London, 1991). An informed survey.
Reynolds, David (ed.), The Origins of the Cold War in Europe: International Perspectives (London, 1994). Essays summing up recent scholarship on the United States, Russia, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Benelux, and Scandinavia.
Western Europe
Bark, Dennis L., and Gress, David R., A History of West Germany, 2 vols. (2nd edn., Oxford, 1993). Comprehensive and up to date. Written from a pro-Adenauer perspective.
George, Stephen, An Awkward Partner: Britain in the European Community (Oxford, 1990). The problems of adaptation, from Heath to Thatcher.
Ginsborg, Paul, A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943-1988 (London, 1990). Lively and informative on both the themes of the subtitle.
Hanley, D. L., Kerr, A. P., and Waites, N. H., Contemporary France: Politics and Society since 1945 (2nd edn., London, 1984). The main focus is political, but there is also discussion of foreign policy and education.
Padgett, Stephen, and Paterson, William E., A History of Social Democracy in Postwar Europe (London, 1991). The rise and decline of one of western Europe’s most influential post-war ideologies.
Urwin, Derek W., The Community of Europe: A History of European Integration since 1945 (London, 1991). A lucid survey of the European Community’s evolution.
The Soviet Bloc
Jelavich, Barbara, History of the Balkans, ii: Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1983). Includes the Second World War, the Soviet bloc, Yugoslavia, and Greece.
Lewis, Paul, Central Europe since 1945 (London, 1994). The focus is on East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland.
Schopflin, George, Politics in Eastern Europe, 1945-1992 (London, 1993). A perceptive narrative.
Swain, Geoffrey, and Swain, Nigel, Eastern Europe since 1945 (London, 1993). Strong on national variations and on economics.
The End of the Cold War and After
Ash, Timothy Garton, In Europe’s Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (London, 1993). A detailed and fascinating analysis of Ostpolitik from the 1970s to reunification. Dawisha, Karen, Eastern Europe, Gorbachev, and Reform: The
Great Challenge (znd edn., Cambridge, 1990). Interesting both for its subject-matter and for its interpretation, being written and revised as the ‘challenge’ unfolded.
Glenny, Misha, The Rebirth of History: Eastern Europe in the Age of Democracy (London, 1990). A nation-by-nation study of the 1989 revolutions by an experienced journalist.
-The Fall of Yugoslavia: The Third Balkan War (znd edn.,
London, 1993). A vivid account, taking the story to mid-1993.
Hogan, Michael (ed.), The End of the Cold War: Its Meaning and Implications (Cambridge, 1992). Short reflective pieces by a variety of international scholars.
Jarausch, Konrad A., The Rush to German Unity (Oxford, 1994). A richly detailed account of events, 1989 to 1991.
World History
