A still useful and readable general account of the whole topic is Earl 1967. There are many serviceable political histories of Rome in the late republic: one that retains its value is Beard and Crawford 1985 (2nd edn 2000). Atkins 2000 offers an accessible overview on Cicero. A good recent book that examines Cicero’s writings as contributions to the political and cultural arguments of his times is Steel 2005. Gildenhard 2007 makes the Tusculan Disputations the focus of a stimulating examination of Cicero’s philosophical writings from a similar viewpoint. For De officiis use the excellent English edition of Griffin and Atkins 1991. The virtues in De republica are discussed in Powell forthcoming. On Cato see Griffin 1986, on Sallust Earl 1961. A valuable resource is the sequence of surveys of the semantic behavior of a whole gamut of virtue words constituted by Lind 1979, 1989, 1992. There is an ambitious study of Roman political vocabulary in the republican period by Hellegouarc’h 1972. Benferhat 2005 contains much of interest on the vocabulary of mercy in late republican and Caesarian Rome. Examples of treatments of particular virtues and virtue words are Heinze 1925 (auctoritas), Knoche 1935 (magnitudo animi), Balsdon 1960 (auctoritas, dignitas), Wagenvoort 1980 (pietas), Atkins 1990 (iustitia), M. Griffin 2003 (dementia), and the major study by Kaster 2005a (verecundia, pudor, integritas). On gloria see Long 1995. A wide-ranging and provocative study of Roman conceptions of virtue, exploiting a range of modern perspectives, is Barton 2001. Norena’s chapter 17 in this volume is a concise introduction to the virtues expected of the emperor in the period of the early and high empire.
World History
