Deutsches Evangelisches Institut fur Altertumswissenschaft des Heiligen Landes
University of Kiel
FoUGwing the visit of German Emperor Wilhelm II to the Near East in 1898, the decision was made in Jerusalem that same year to establish the Deutsches Evangelisches Institut fur Altertumswissenschaft des Heiligen Landes (that is, the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology),1 which was opened in 1903. The plan was designed during the course of a conference of the German Regional Protestant Churches in Eisenach and authorized in Berlin by Wilhelm II. Between 1914 and 1953, multiple research activities were conducted at the institute; however, administration and finances were in a rather poor state. Following World War II, the institute was reopened in Jerusalem and an additional branch was established in Amman (Fritz 1997; 1998; 2000; Hagenow and Fassbeck 1998; Hubner 1999; Neubert-Preine 2003; Strobel 1993; Trensky 1989; Zobel 1981; 1995).
Emperor Wilhelm II's trip
To the Near East in 1898
In 1898, Emperor Wilhelm II visited the Near East and Jerusalem in particular (Carmel and Eisler 1999; Jaschinski and Waldschmidt 2002; Meier 1998; Mirbach 1899; Richter 1997). The ceremonial highlight of this trip was the inauguration of the Church of the Redeemer in the Old City of Jerusalem on Reformation Day (Maurer 1899; Mirbach 1899: 235-57; Ronecker 1998). During the reception that followed, Alexander von Scheider (1845-1909), president of the Bavarian Church Council, made a vow to establish a German institute of archaeology of the Holy Land (Dalman 1905: 14). In the presence of Wilhelm II and representatives of all regional German Protestant churches, von Schneider said: “From the sparking power of the Protestant mind a unanimous wish has sprung in all the present representatives of the German Protestant churches on their trip into the Holy Land, which is that in addition to the Church of the Redeemer being sanctified today, that a home be established for the Protestant Church to cultivate the Christian Protestant archaeology in this city” (Mirbach 1899: 252). This speech received much attention 66 among the Germans—as did the Emperor's trip in general. Thus, October 31, 1898 is considered by many as the real “birthday” of the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology (Dalman 1905: 14). The process of establishing the institute took at least five years, from 1898 to 1903.
On December 22, 1899, the Protestant Church in Berlin issued an article “dealing with the setting up of a German Protestant foundation for the archaeology of the Holy Land” (Anonymous 1900: 176-79). The article noted that the institute was to be modeled after the two German archaeological institutes in Rome (1829) and Athens (1874). In competition with the Ecole Biblique, founded in 1890, the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology was denominational but produced “scientific research not restricted by religious considerations.” The expenses were to be shared by all German regional churches. In addition, cooperation between the German Society for the Exploration of Palestine (1877) and the new institute was encouraged. It was agreed that they would “work together harmoniously.” One member of the German Society for the Exploration of Palestine was to be on the board of the foundation committee of the institute.
The Church Conference in Eisenach in 1900
In June 1900, the German Protestant Church Conference, which took place every other year beginning in 1853, gathered in the castle in Eisenach (Behrmann 1904: 378-83; Graf 1999; Karg 1961: 41-65; Link 2001). The topic was the German Protestant diaspora. Among the parishes and settlements discussed were the ones in Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and Bet Jala, the German colonies in Jaffa, Sarona, and Haifa, the Jerusalemsverein, the Brotherhood of Herrnhut, the Order of John, and the planned German Protestant Institute of Archaeology in Jerusalem.
J. A. von Zahn (1839-1910), the president of the Lutheran Church in Saxony, reminded the audience of the Emperor's trip in 1898, calling it the “joint pilgrimage of the official representatives of the German regional churches” (Anonymous 1900: 23-29, 161-95), stressing the fact that Wilhelm II had shown the highest respect and approval of founding a German Institute in Jerusalem. He highlighted the lack of and the growing need for a corresponding institution. The German archaeological institutes in Rome and Athens were again named as models, though the new institute in Jerusalem was not to be funded by the state but instead was to be a foundation supported by all regional churches. Von Zahn mentioned the denominational and national competition in the field dedicated to the exploration of the Holy Land and referred to the French Dominicans of the Ecole Biblique as one of their competitors. Just as the Palestine Exploration Fund constituted a model for the establishment of the German Society for the Exploration of Palestine, the Ecole Biblique became a model for the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology.
A German Protestant Institute of Archaeology would enhance the “reputation, importance, and influence” of the German Protestant regional churches and their parishes, missions, and institutions in the Holy Land. The education of scientists, clergymen and teachers of religious education would constitute a boon for church work, especially religious education in Germany. Von Zahn explained the future structure of the institute, including a director, employees, and scholarships for students. The plan was to establish a library and an archaeological collection as well as to hold public lectures. The purpose of the institute was summarized in one sentence, defining the “historical research, which took on the task of exploring historical truths and the use of the findings in Protestant sobriety, purely for the sake of science without considering church matters.”
The relationship they hoped for with the already existing German Society for the Exploration of Palestine was also explained in detail. The German Society for the Exploration of Palestine was praised for its “strictly scientific research” and “its upholding of its interdenominational character” and for “their publications in the form of the journals.” The Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins and the Mitt(h)eilungen und Nachrichten des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins were especially emphasized. They wished the institute to collaborate “hand in hand” with the Society as a “team.” Confidential talks with E. Kautzsch (1841-1910), the president (18771903) of the German Society for the Exploration of Palestine, indicated the desire to cooperate with the institute (Mathys 2006).
After a short debate, all motions were agreed upon. The members of the “Committee for the Palestine Foundation” were soon being elected. F. W. Barkhausen (1831-1903, president of the Protestant Church Council in Berlin) was selected as chairman. A. von Schneider (Schwab 1995) and G. C. C. Behrmann (1846-1911, main parson at Saint Michael's Church in Hamburg) were elected as members, and D. Hansen (head court chaplain in Oldenburg) as deputy for the representative to be sent by the German Society for the Exploration of Palestine.
The founding document was signed on June 19, 1900. The institute's constitution was approved by the Emperor on December 23, 1901. On May 22, 1902, the executive committee was set up, with Barkhausen as chairman. G. Dalman (18551941) received the document with his appointment as Director of the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology on July 9, 1902 (Mannchen 1993: 1-99; 2001; 2003; 2006). On January 12, 1903, the institute moved to its quarters at the former Austrian Consulate, the Nashashibi House on 5 Ethiopia Street (Hubner 2002: figs. 18-19). The first so-called Lehrkurse were already held before the official opening of the institute. These courses gave young academics the opportunity to become acquainted with Palestine and its neighboring countries and they soon constituted one of the main activities of the institute (Hagenow 1999).
The Opening of the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology in Jerusalem in November 1903
The founding and opening of the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology would not have been possible without a number of prerequisites:
• Internal affairs, namely the establishment of the German Empire in 1871.
• Foreign affairs, namely the striving for reform of the Ottoman Empire and the various interests of the European powers with regard to the “sick man on the Bosporus.”
• Church policies that aspired to unite all churches in Germany, which became obvious at the Church Conference held in Eisenach, as well as in Palestine under the auspices of the Anglican-Protestant diocese in Jerusalem (18411886) (Luckhoff 1998: 50-164; Raheb 1990: 20-58).
• The numerous German charity institutions in the city, such as the Syrian Orphanage (1860) and the Institutions of Kaiserswerth (since 1854) (Eisler, Haag, and Holtz 2003: 65-80, 85-110).
• Research agendas with regard to the establishment of the two German archaeological institutes in Rome (1829) and Athens (1874) (Anonymous 2004; Meyer 2004), the Palestine Exploration Fund in London in 1865 (Davies 2006), the German Society for the Exploration of Palestine in Wiesbaden in 1877 (Hubner 2006), the Ecole Biblique in Jerusalem in 1890 (Trimbur 2002: 7-50), the branch of the German Society for the Exploration of Palestine also in Jerusalem in 1897 (Eisler 2006), and the Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft in Berlin in 1898 (Wilhelm 1998), among others, and finally the discovery of the Mesha and Siloam inscriptions in 1864 and 1880.
• The mind-set of the times, growing nationalism and patriotism, a romantic Eurocentric orientalism, and last but not least, a multifaceted biblical pietism in Germany and its neighboring countries (Goren 2003: 167-316; Kirchhoff 2005: 99-357; Mangold 2004: 251-88; Philipp 2006).
The first German excavations in Palestine were carried out under H. Guthe (18471936) for the German Society for the Exploration of Palestine on the southeast and southwest hills in Jerusalem in 1881 (Bieberstein 2006; Guthe 1882; Smend 2006). In 1882, G. Schumacher (1857-1925) began surveying the eastern part of Jordan, also under the auspices of the German Society for the Exploration of Palestine (Carmel 2006). Schumacher's excavation at Megiddo began on April 1, 1903 (Niemann and Lehmann 2006), six months before the official opening of the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology.
During the same year, when Schumacher started his excavation at Megiddo and the facade of the Umayyad palace of Qasr al-Mushatta was taken down and transported by train to Beirut via Damascus as a gift from the sultan to Wilhelm II (Enderlein 1987; Enderlein and Meinecke 1992), the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology was opened on November 15, 1903 (Dalman 1903; 1905; 1906; Goren 2003: 347-53; Guthe 1902; Hubner 2001; Anonymous 1902; 1903; Pflanz 1902; 1903: 229-31; Schlicht 1900; Strobel 1988; Urban 1904; Vincent 1904). Among the guests were the German consul, E. Schmidt (1864-1916, consul 1901-16), the British Consul J. Dickson (1846-1906, consul 1890-1906), several German Protestants and Templars, L. B. Paton (1864-1932), and H. Spoer (1873-1951) from the American School of Oriental Research, Franciscans from the Custodia di Terra Santa, Dominicans from the Ecole Biblique, and among the Jewish guests were E. Ben-Yehuda (1855-1922, as editor of the magazine Hashqafa), I. Press (1874-1955, of the Lamelschule), Shimon Rokach (1863-1922), and D. Yellin (1864-1941), and finally representatives of the Greek Orthodox, the Armenian, and the Latin patriarchs (Avi-Yonah 1971; Carmel and Bloedhorn 2003; Dinur 1971; Klausner et al. 1971; Slutsky and Jaffe 1971).
With the opening of the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology, Germany “entered the competition in the exploration of Palestine,” as stated by Dalman, the first director of the institute (1903-14/1917). The first yearly report, called the Palastinajahrbuch des Deutschen evangelischen Instituts fur Altertumswissenschaft des heiligen Landes zu Jerusalem, was published in 1905. Dalman himself published numerous articles in this journal as well as in the Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastinav-ereins and the Mitt(h)eilungen und Nachrichten des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins. With these articles he established an important series of essays, namely the Studien aus dem Deutschen evangelischen Institut fur Altertumswissenschaft in Jerusalem (19051955), which were written by directors, employees, and student fellows of the institute. The board of the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology welcomed the Palastinajahrbuch but insisted that it should not compete with the Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins (especially in the field of scientific reports and essays) and that it should present the perspective of the church on scientific topics for a popular readership. The Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina-Vereins was to remain the primary official scientific publication of the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology (Hubner 2006).
The Period between 1914 and 1948
As a consequence of World War I, the institute lacked the resources to continue work in the Holy Land in the same fashion as before the war. After a leave of absence, Dalman did not return to his post as director in Jerusalem, instead taking a position at the University of Greifswald in 1917 (Mannchen 1993: 100-129). In 1921, the institute had to leave its quarters on Ethiopia Street. A temporary accommodation for the institute, including its library and the collections, had to be found. Unfortunately, no residential building could be located for this purpose until after World War II. The institute took refuge in the Syrian Orphanage until 1924, which at the time was located in the hospice of the Jerusalem foundation in the Muristan quarter, until then used by the British. Some of the collection was left in the Syrian Orphanage even after 1924. The library was moved temporarily to Amman in 1948.
In 1921, Dalman sent most of the collection to Greifswald, including the library, maps, and photographs and the ethnographic, geological and botanical collections. The question of whether the collection belonged to Dalman or the institute remained open. Today, most of the collection is at the Gustaf-Dalman-Institut at the Faculty of Theology of the University of Greifswald (Mannchen 1993: 80-82, 108-9; Neumann 1995; Ott 2000: 303; Zobel 1995).
After 1921 the provosts of the German Protestant parish of Jerusalem also held the position of director of the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology. They were: A. Alt (1921-22), H. W. Hertzberg (1923-30), E. Rhein (1930-38), J. Doering (1938-54), J. Weigelt (1954-60), and C. Malsch (1960-65). Most were not professional archaeologists and were intensely occupied with their responsibilities as provosts, leaving little time to devote to matters of the institute. However, between
Fig. 1. The GPIA / DEIAHL in Amman, Jordan, from the northwest (photo by U. Hubner 1983).
1921 and 1935, Alt made considerable progress on the research of Palestine's historical geography (Smend 1989: 182-207; Weippert 1978).
Between 1932 and 1952, no Lehrkurse were held. But at least several employees were sent on a yearly basis to the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology until 1938. Among them were M. Lohr in 1903 and 1909, H. Gressmann in 1907, P. Kahle in 1910, H. Schmidt in 1911 and 1914, Alt in 1913, E. Sellin in 1926, 1927, 1932, and 1935, and K. Galling in 1935, 1937, and 1938. The Palastina-Jahrbuch was published until 1941. At the very beginning of World War II, all German property in Palestine was confiscated by the British.
The German Protestant Institute of Archaeology after World War II
In 1953, the Lehrkurse were reinstituted and held almost on a yearly basis. The position of director was filled again in 1964, initially by M. Noth (1902-68) (Ruters-worden 2004; Smend 1989: 255-75). In March 1966, the Institute—with the support of the Volkswagenstiftung—was moved to a new building in the Sheikh Jarakh quarter of East Jerusalem. Surveys and excavations were carried out by Noth and U. Wagner-Lux in Rihab (1966), Madeba (1967), Jerusalem (1970-74), and Gadara (since 1974).
A new situation presented itself in 1967. The German Protestant Institute of Archaeology in east Jerusalem was now situated within the West Bank, occupied by Israel. To travel from Jordan to Jerusalem was extremely difficult; and to return
Fig. 2. The GPIA / DEIAHL in the "Gartner-/Canaan-Haus" of Augusta Victoria, Mount Scopus, East Jerusalem, from the south (photo by U. Hubner 2002).
Was almost impossible. The German Protestant Institute of Archaeology wanted to maintain its friendly relations with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and continue their archaeological projects at Gadara and Madeba. They also wished to continue to hold their Lehrkurse not just in Israel but also in Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon. This led to the idea of establishing a branch of the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology in Amman. The suggestion was made by Wagner-Lux and the architect E. W. Kruger (1902-1983). A property near the University of Jordan was acquired in 1975, and the building for the institute was erected with the funds of the Volkswagenstiftung between 1976 and 1980 (Held 2000; Wagner-Lux 2000). In April 1982, the branch office was officially opened (fig. 1). Since that time, a large number of projects have been and continue to be carried out in cooperation with the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology in Amman, at, among others, Gadara, Abu Snesle in 1990 and 1992, Ain az-Zara, 1985-86 and in 1989, Baja I and III in 1999, Tell Joffiye since 2002, and Tell az-Zera since 2003 (Bienert et al. 2000; Bienert and Weber 1998; Kerner 1994). The journal Occident & Orient, created specifically for the Institute in Amman, was terminated after several years (1996-2004). The Jahrbuch des Deutschen Evangelischen Instituts fur Altertumswissen-schaft des Heiligen Landes, established by A. Strobel (1930-2006), director of the Institute between 1984 and 1992, was published between 1989 and 2007 and was recently replaced by Jerusalem: Gemeindebrief - und Stiftungsjournal fur Gemeinde, Pil-ger, Touristen, Archaologen, Studierende und Volontare. The Zeitschrift des Deutschen
Palastina-Vereins, published by the German Society for the Exploration of Palestine, is together with the former the main publication forum for the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology.
In Jerusalem, the Gardener's House (Canaan House) of Augusta Victoria on Mount Scopus was acquired, renovated, and officially opened on April 26, 1982 (fig. 2) (Mershen and Hubner 2006). Since that time, the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology in Jerusalem has maintained its quarters there (Fritz and Deines 1999; Tishby 2001: 172-73). The excavations at Kinneret (Tell el-Oreime) on the Sea of Galilee between 1982 and 1986 were continued by V. Fritz (director of the institute, 1994-99) (Hubner and Kamlah 2008) under the auspices of the institute and again between 1994 and 1999 (Fritz and Munger 2002).
Recent Developments and Concluding Remarks
The German Protestant Institute of Archaeology was established as a religious institution from the outset and was meant to fulfil two goals: to advance the archaeological research of Palestine and to share this with the Church and the larger public. Each director was Protestant, working for and paid by the Protestant Church in Germany (Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland). All of the director's activities are supervised by a board, and all administrative matters are handled by the German Protestant Church in Hannover. For many decades, the Protestant Church in Germany had financed only the basic costs of personnel and maintenance; research projects of the institute and its branch in Amman had to be financed primarily through external funding. During this time the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology received and still receives support from the German Society for the Exploration of Palestine, among other bodies.
When, a few years ago, the Protestant Church in Germany was no longer able to assure the basic funds to maintain the institute, the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs offered to provide roughly one-third of the needed money for several years (1999-2006). At the same time, the branch in Amman cooperated increasingly with the branch of the German Archaeological Institute in Damascus. Since 2007, the German Archaeological Institute in Berlin has taken over the support of the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology from the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This affiliation with the German Archaeological Institute is also apparent in the official change of the institutions' names—the one in Jerusalem as well as the one in Amman—from then on referred to as the “Research Unit of the German Archaeological Institute.” Furthermore, as of 2006, a new constitution of the German Protestant Institute of Archaeology, replacing the one from 1960, specifies that the board has to include one member of the German Archaeological Institute, who is also entitled to vote. These new developments influenced the English version of the Institutes' name: Deutsches Evangelisches Institut fur Altertumswissenschaft des Heiligen Landes, rather than using the correct translation of “German Protestant Institute for the Research in Ancient History and Archaeology of the Holy Land.” According to the conditions of the appointment of the institute's new director, D. Vieweger, the latter must reside in Jerusalem for six months and fulfil his obligations as faculty member of the Church College in Wuppertal during the rest of
The year. In contrast, the director in Amman, Jutta Haser, has to reside in Jordan throughout the year.
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