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22-03-2015, 03:58

Egypt and the Outside World

For general discussions of Egyptian contacts with the outside world, see Dominique Valbelle, Les Neuf Arcs (Paris, 1990); Donald Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times (Princeton, 1992); Edda Bresciani, ‘Foreigners’, in S. Donadoni (ed.). The Egyptians (Chicago, 1997), and E. Uphill, ‘The Nine Bows’, Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatische-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux, 19 (1965-6), 393-420.

With regard to textual and visual sources for Egyptian racial caricatures and ethnic designations, see J. Osing, ‘Achtungstexte aus dem Alten Reich’, MDAIK 32 (1976), 133-85; Georges Posener, ‘Achtungstexte’, in LA i (Wiesbaden, 1975), 67-9; G. Posener, Cinq figures d’envoutement (Cairo, 1987), and Martin Bernal, Black Athena: The Afro-Asiatic Roots of Classical Civilization, 2 vols. (London, 1987-91).

For views of the problem of ethnicity with regard to ancient Egyptians and their neighbours, see John Baines, ‘Contextualizing Egyptian Representations of Society and Ethnicity’, in J. S. Cooper and G. M. Schwartz (eds.). The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-First Century: The William Foxwell Albright Centennial Conference (Winona Lake, 1996), 339-84; Henry Fischer, ‘Varia Aegyptiaca’, JARCE 2 (1963), 17-51; Anthony Leahy, ‘Ethnic Diversity in Ancient Egypt’, in J. M. Sasson (ed.). Civilizations of the Ancient Near East (New York, 1995), 225-34, and F. M. Snowden, Jr., ‘Ancient Views of Nubia and the Nubians’, Expedition, 35 (1993), 40-50 [and for Ptolemaic ethnicity, see the further reading for Ghapter 14].

For the history of Egyptian contacts with Nubia, see W. B. Emery, Egypt in Nubia (London, 1965); Bruce Trigger, Nubia under the Pharaohs (London, 1976); William Adams, Nubia: Corridor to Africa, 2nd edn. (London, 1984); W. Vivian Davies (ed.), Egypt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistory to Islam (London, 1991): David O’Connor, Ancient Nubia: Egypt’s Rival in Africa (Philadelphia, 1993); T. Celenko (ed.), Egypt in Africa (Indianopolis, 1996), and (especially from a visual point of view) Dieter Wildung (ed.), Sudan: Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile (Paris, 1997).

For the people and cultures of pre-Greek Libya, see W. Holscher, Libyer und Agypten (Gliickstadt, 1937); Kenneth Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (Warminster, 1986), 287-361; M. A. Leahy, ‘The Libyan Period in Egypt; An Essay in Interpretation’, Libyan Studies, 16 (1985), 51-65, and (ed.) Libya and Egypt, c. ijoo-yjo BC (London, 1990), and Anthony Spalinger, ‘Some Notes on the Libyans of the Old Kingdom and Later Historical Reflexes’, JSSEA 9 (1979), 125-60.

For the much-debated question of the location of the kingdom of Punt, the means by which Egyptians travelled there, and the products that they were seeking, see Louise Bradbury, ‘Kpn-Boats, Punt Trade and a Lost Emporium’, yARCE 33 (1996); David Dixon, ‘The Transplantation of Punt

Incense Trees in Egypt’,/?A 55 (1969), 55-65: R. Fattovich, ‘The Problem of Punt in the Light of Recent Fieldwork in the Eastern Sudan’, in S. Schoske (ed.), Akten Munchen 1985, iv (Hamburg, 1991), 257-72; R. Herzog, Fount (Gltickstadt, 1968); Kitchen, ‘The Land of Punt’, in Thurstan Shaw et al. (eds.). The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns (London, 1993), 587-608, ‘Further thoughts on Punt and its neighbours’, in A. Leahy and J. Tait(eds-), Studies in Ancient Egypt in Honour of H. S. Smith (London, 1999) 173-8, and William Stevenson Smith, ‘The Land of Punt’, JARCE i (1962), 59-60.

For Egyptian social, political, and economic involvement in Syria-Palestine, Turkey, and Mesopotamia, see Raphael Giveon, The Impact of Egypt on Canaan (Gottingen, 1978); W. Helck, Die Beziehungen Agyptens zu Vorderasien imj. und z. Jahrtausend v. Chr. (Wiesbaden, 1962); Barry Kemp, ‘Imperialism and Empire in New Kingdom Egypt’, in P. Garnsey and C. R. Whittaker (eds.). Imperialism in the Ancient World (Cambridge, 1978), 7-58; Jean Leclant, Les Relations entre I’fgypte et la Phenicie du voyage d’Ounamon a I’expedition dAlexandre (Beirut, 1968), and William Ward, Egypt and the East Mediterranean World (Beirut, 1971).

For the contacts between Egyptians and the inhabitants of the north Mediterranean islands (and the Greek mainland), see Jean Vercoutter, L’Egypte et le monde egeenprdiellenique (Cairo, 1956); John Bams, Egyptians and Greeks (Oxford, 1966); John Boardman, The Greeks Overseas (Har-mondsworth, 1964); H.-J. Thissen, ‘Griechen in Agypten’, in LA iii (Wiesbaden, 1977), 898-903: Barry Kemp and Robert Merrilees, Minoan Pottery from Second Millennium Egypt (Mainz, 1981); Naphthali Lewis, Greeks in Ptolemaic Egypt (Oxford, 1986), and W. Vivian Davies (ed.), Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant (London, 1995).

For the Sea Peoples, see T. and M. Dothan, People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines (New York, 1992); Redford, Egypt, Canaan and Lsrael (cited above), 285-394, and Nancy Sandars, The Sea Peoples (New York, 1985).