REFERENCES

Agrawal, D. P. 1984. "The Metal Technology of the Harappans." In Frontiers of the Indus Civilization, edited by B. B. Lal and S. P. Gupta, 163-167. New Delhi: Books and Books.

Agrawala, R. C. 1984. "Aravalli, the Major Source of Copper for the Indus and Indus-related Cultures." In Frontiers of the Indus Civilization, edited by B. B. Lal and S. P. Gupta, 157-162. New Delhi: Books and Books.

Agrawala, R. C., and Vijay Kumar. 1982. "Ganeshwar-Jodhpura Culture: New Traits in Indian Archaeology." In Harappan Civilization. A Contemporary Perspective, edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 125-134. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.

Allchin, F. R. 1984. "The Northern Limits of the Harappan Culture Zone." In Frontiers of the Indus Civilization, edited by B. B. Lal and S. P. Gupta, 51-54. New Delhi: Books and Books.

Asthana, S. 1979. "Indus-Mesopotamian Trade: Nature of Trade and Structural Analysis of Operative System." In Essays in Indian Protohistory, edited by D. P. Agrawal and Dilip K. Chakrabarti, 31-47. New Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation.

Asthana, S. 1982. "Harappan Trade in Metals and Minerals: A Regonal Approach." In Harappan Civilization. A Contemporary Perspective, edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 271-285. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.

Asthana, S. 1984. "The Place of Shahdad in Indus-Iranian Trade." In Frontiers of the Indus Civilization, edited by B. B. Lal and S. P. Gupta, 353-361. New Delhi: Books and Books.

Astour, Michael C. 2000. "Overland Trade Routes in Ancient Western Asia." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, edited by Jack M. Sasson, 1401-1420. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers. (Reprint of 1995 edition. New York: Scribner's).

Bass, George F. 2000. "Sea and River Craft in the Ancient Near East." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, edited by Jack M. Sasson, 1421-1431. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. (Reprint of 1995 edition. New York: Scribner's).

Beech, Mark. 2003. "The Development of Fishing in the U. A.E.: A Zooarchaeological Perspective." In Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Archaeology of the U. A.E, edited by Daniel Potts, Hasan Al Naboodah, and

Peter Hellyer, 290-308. London: Trident Press. [Online article; retrieved 4/4/07.] Www. kenzay-training. com/uae/download/archeology/007eniro. pdf.

Belcher, William R. 1997. "Ancient Harappa in 3-D." [Online article; retrieved 6/14/05.] Www. harappa. com/3D/index. html.

Besenval, Roland. 1994. "The 1992-1993 Field Seasons at Miri Qalat: New Contributions to the Chronology of Protohistoric Settlement in Pakistani Makran." In South Asian Archaeology 1993, edited by Asko Parpola and Petteri Koskikallio, 81-92. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.

Bhan, Kuldeep. 1994. "Cultural Development of the Prehistoric Period in North Gujarat with Reference to Western India." South Asian Studies 10: 71-90.

Bhan, Kuldeep, V. S. Sonawane, P. Ajithprasad, and S. Pratapchandran. "Gola Dhoro." [Online article; retrieved 7/5/05.] Www. harappa. com/goladhoro/index. html.

Boucharlat, Remy. 2000. "Archaeology and Artifacts of the Arabian Peninsula." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, edited by Jack M. Sasson, 1335-1354. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. (Reprint of 1995 edition. New York: Scribner's.)

Buchanan, Briggs. 1967. "A Dated Seal Impression Connecting Babylonia and Ancient India." Archaeology 20 (2): 104-107. Reprinted 1979 in Ancient Cities of the Indus, edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 145-147. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.

Casanova, Michele. 1992. "The Sources of the Lapis-lazuli Found in Iran." In South Asian Archaeology 1989, edited by Catherine Jarrige, 49-56. Madison, WI: Prehistory Press.

Chakrabarti, Dilip K. 1997. The Archaeology of Ancient Indian Cities. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Chakrabarti, Dilip K. 2004a. "Prelude to the Indus Civilization." In Indus Civilization. Sites in India. New Discoveries, edited by Dilip K. Chakrabarti, 23-43. Mumbai: Marg Publications.

Chakrabarti, Dilip K. 2004b. "Internal and External Trade of the Indus Civilization." In Indus Civilization. Sites in India. New Discoveries, edited by Dilip K. Chakrabarti, 29-33. Mumbai: Marg Publications.

Chitalwala, Y. M. 1982. "Harappan Settlements in the Kutch-Saurashtra Region: Patterns of Distribution and Routes of Communication." In Harappan Civilization. A Contemporary Perspective, edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 197-202. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.

Chitalwala, Y. M. 2004. "The Spread of the Harappan Civilization in Kutch and Saurashtra." In Indus Civilization. Sites in India. New Discoveries, edited by Dilip K. Chakrabarti, 89-95. Mumbai: Marg Publications.

Cleuziou, Serge. 2003. "Early Bronze Age Trade in the Gulf and the Arabian Sea: The Society behind the Boats." In Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Archaeology of the U. A.E, edited by Daniel Potts, Hasan Al Naboodah, and Peter Hellyer, 134-149. London: Trident Press. [Online article; retrieved 4/4/07.] Www. kenzay-training. com/uae/download/archeology/ 003bronze. pdf.

Cleuziou, Serge, and Maurizio Tosi. 1994. "Black Boats of Magan: Some Thoughts on Bronze Age Water Transport in Oman and beyond from the Impressed Bitumen Slabs of Ra's al-Junayz." In South Asian Archaeology 1993, edited by Asko Parpola and Petteri Koskikallio, 744-761. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.

Crawford, Harriet. 1998. Dilmun and Its Gulf Neighbours. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Dales, George F. 1968. "Of Dice and Men." Journal of the American Oriental Society 88 (1): 14-23. Reprinted 1979 in Ancient Cities of the Indus, edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 138-144. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.

Dales, George F. 1982. "Adaptation and Exploitation at Harappan Coastal Settlements." In Anthropology in Pakistan, edited by Stephen Pastner and Louis Flam, 154-165. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

De Cardi, Beatrice. 1984. "Some Third and Fourth Millennium Sites in Sarawan and Jhalawan, Baluchistan, in Relation to the Mehrgarh Sequence." In South Asian Archaeology 1981, edited by Bridget Allchin, 61-68. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Deshpande, Shweta Sinha, and Vasant Shinde. 2005. "Gujarat between 2000 and 1400 BCE." South Asian Studies 21: 121-135.

Dhavalikar, M. K. 1993. "Harappans in Saurashtra: The Mercantile Enterprise as Seen from Recent Excavation of Kuntasi." In Harappan Civilization, 2nd ed., edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 555-568. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Dhavalikar, M. K. 1996. Kuntasi, a Harappan Emporium on West Coast. Pune: Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute.

Dhavalikar, M. K. 1997. "Meluhha—The Land of Copper." South Asian Studies 13: 275-279.

During Caspers, Elisabeth. 1984. "Sumerian Trading Communities Residing in Harappan Society." In Frontiers of the Indus Civilization, edited by B. B. Lal and S. P. Gupta, 363-370. New Delhi: Books and Books.

Edens, Christopher. 1993. "Indus-Arabian Interaction during the Bronze Age: A Review of Evidence." In Harappan Civilization, 2nd ed., edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 335-363. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. 2002a. "The Building of Ningirsu's Temple." Cylinder A. [Online article; retrieved 1/30/02.] www-etcsl. orient. ox. ac. uk/section2/tr217.htm.

Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. 2002b. "The Cursing of Agade." [Online article; retrieved 1/30/02.] www-etcsl. orient. ox. ac. uk/.

Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. 2002c. "Enki and the World Order." [Online article; retrieved 1/30/02.] www-etcsl. orient. ox. ac. uk/.

Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. 2002d. "Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta." [Online article; retrieved 1/30/02.] www-etcsl. orient. ox. ac. uk/.

Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. 2002e. "Enki and Ninhursaga." [Online article; retrieved 5/24/06.] www-etcsl. orient. ox. ac. uk/.

Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. 2002f. "Gilgamesh and Huwawa." [Online article; retrieved 1/30/02.] www-etcsl. orient. ox. ac. uk/.

Fairservis, Walter. 1982. "Allahdino: An Excavation of a Small Harappan Site." In Harappan Civilization. A Contemporary Perspective, edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 106-112. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.

Fairservis, Walter. 1984. "Archaeology in Baluchistan and the Harappan Problem." In Frontiers of the Indus Civilization, edited by B. B. Lal and S. P. Gupta, 277-287. New Delhi: Books and Books.

Fentress, Marcia. 1982. "From Jhelum to Yamuna: City and Settlement in the Second and Third Millennium B. C." In Harappan Civilization. A Contemporary Perspective, edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 245-260. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.

Foster, Benjamin. 1977. "Commercial Activity in Sargonic Mesopotamia." In Trade in the Ancient Near East. Papers Presented to the XXIII Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, edited by J. D. Hawkins, 31-43. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq.

Fox, Robin. 1969. "Professional Primitives: Hunters and Gatherers of Nuclear South Asia." Man in India 49 (2): 139-160.

Francfort, Henri-Paul. 1984a. "The Harappan Settlement at Shortugai." In Frontiers of the Indus Civilization, edited by B. B. Lal and S. P. Gupta, 301-310. New Delhi: Books and Books.

Francfort, Henri-Paul. 1984b. "The Early Periods of Shortughai (Harappan) and the Western Bactrian Culture of Dashly." In South Asian Archaeology 1981, edited by Bridget Allchin, 170-175. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Franke Vogt, Ute. 2000. "The Archaeology of Southeastern Balochistan." [Online article; retrieved 6/14/05.] Www. harappa. com/baluch/index. html.

Guha, Sudeshna. 1994. "Recognizing 'Harappan': A Critical Review of the Position of Hunter-gatherers within Harappan Society." South Asian Studies 10: 91-97.

Gupta, S. P. 1984. "Internal Trade of the Harappans." In Frontiers of the Indus Civilization, edited by B. B. Lal and S. P. Gupta, 417-424. New Delhi: Books and Books.

Habib, Irfan. 2002. The Indus Civilization: A People's History of India. 2. Aligarh: Tulika and Aligarh Historians Society.

Hesse, Brian. 2000. "Animal Husbandry and Human Diet in the Ancient Near East." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, edited by Jack M. Sasson, 203-222. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. (Reprint of 1995 edition. New York: Scribner's.)

Hooja, Rima, and Vijai Kumar. 1997 "Aspects of the Early Copper Age in Rajasthan." In South Asian Archaeology 1995, edited by Raymond and Bridget Allchin, 323-334. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.

Inizan, Marie-Louise. 1993. "At the Dawn of Trade, Carnelian from India to Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium: The Example of Tello." In South Asian Archaeology 1991, edited by Adalbert J. Gail and Gerd J. R. Mevissen, 121-134. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.

Jarrige, Jean-Francois. 1985. "Continuity and Change in the North Kachi Plain (Baluchistan, Pakistan) at the Beginning of the Second Millennium B. C." In South Asian Archaeology 1983, edited by Janine Schotsmans and Maurizio Taddei, 35-68. Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici.

Jarrige, Jean-Francois. 1986. "Excavations at Mehrgarh-Nausharo." Pakistan Archaeology 10-22: 63-131.

Joshi, Jagat Pati, and Madhu Bala. 1982. "Manda: A Harappan Site in Jammu and Kashmir." In Harappan Civilization. A Contemporary Perspective, edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 183-195. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.

Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark. 1998. Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Karachi: Oxford University Press and American Institute of Pakistan Studies.

Killick, Robert, and Jane Moon, eds. 2005. The Early Dilmun Settlement at Saar. Ludlow: Archaeology International.

Knox, R. 1994. "A New Indus Valley Cylinder Seal." In South Asian Archaeology 1993, edited by Asko Parpola and Petteri Koskikallio, 375-378. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.

Kochha, N., R. Kochhar, and Dilip K. Chakrabarti. 1999. "A New Source of Primary Tin Ore in the Indus Civilization." South Asian Studies 15: 115-118.

Kramer, Samuel Noah. 1977. "Commerce and Trade: Gleanings from Sumerian Literature." In Trade in the Ancient Near East. Papers presented to the XXIII Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, edited by J. D. Hawkins, 59-66. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq.

Lahiri, Nayanjot. 1999. The Archaeology of Indian Trade Routes up to c. 200 BC. Resource Use, Resource Access and Lines of Communication. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. 1972. "Trade Mechanisms in Indus-Mesopotamian Interrelations." Journal of the American Oriental Society 92 (2): 222-230. Reprinted 1979 in Ancient Cities of the Indus, edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 130-137. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.

Leshnik, Lawrence. 1968. "The Harappan 'Port' at Lothal: Another View." American Anthropologist 70 (5): 911-922. Reprinted 1979 in Ancient Cities of the Indus, edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 203-211. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.

Mahadevan, Iravatham. 2006. "A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in Light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery." [Online article; retrieved 5/16/06.] Www. harappa. com/arrow/stone_celt_indus_signs. html.

Mainkar, V. B.1984. "Metrology in the Indus Civilization." In Frontiers of the Indus Civilization, edited by B. B. Lal and S. P. Gupta, 141-151. New Delhi: Books and Books.

McIntosh, Jane. 2005. Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.

Mulchandani, Anil. 1998. "A Walk through Lothal." [Online article; retrieved 1/14/06.] Www. harappa. com/lothal/index. html.

Oppenheim, A. Leo. 1954. "The Seafaring Merchants of Ur." Journal of the American Oriental Society 74: 6-17. Reprinted 1979 in Ancient Cities of the Indus, edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 155-163. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.

Parpola, Asko. 1994. Deciphering the Indus Script. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Possehl, Gregory L. 1979a. "Lothal: A Gateway Settlement of the Harappan Civilization." In Ancient Cities of the Indus, edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 212-218. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.

Possehl, Gregory L. 1979b. "Pastoral Nomadism in the Indus Civilization." In South Asian Archaeology 1977, edited by Maurizio Taddei, 537-551. Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale, Seminario di Studi Asiatici.

Possehl, Gregory L. 1986. Kulli: An Exploration of Ancient Civilization in South Asia. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.

Possehl, Gregory L. 1997. "Seafaring Merchants of Meluhha." In South Asian Archaeology 1995, edited by Raymond Allchin and Bridget Allchin, 87-99. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.

Possehl, Gregory L. 1999. Indus Age: The Beginnings. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Possehl, Gregory L.2003. "Cache of Seal Impressions Discovered in Western India Offers Surprising New Evidence for Cultural Complexity in Little-known Ahar-

Banas Culture, circa 3000-1500 B. C." [Online article; retrieved 1/15/06.] Www. mu-seum. upenn. edu/new/research/possehl/ahar-banas. shtml.

Postgate, J. N. 1992. Early Mesopotamia. Society and Economy at the Dawn of History. London: Routledge.

Potts, Daniel T. 1993. "Tell Abraq and the Harappan Tradition in Southeastern Arabia." In Harappan Civilization, 2nd ed., edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 323-333. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Potts, Daniel T. 1997. Mesopotamian Civilization. The Material Foundations. London: Athlone Press.

Potts, Daniel T. 2000. "Distant Shores: Ancient Near Eastern Trade with South Asia and Northeastern Africa." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, edited by Jack M. Sasson, 1451-1463. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers (Reprint of 1995 edition. New York: Scribner's.)

Potts, Timothy. 1994. Mesopotamia and the East. An Archaeological and Historical Study of Foreign Relations ca. 3400-2000 BC. Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 37. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology.

Rao, S. R. 1963. "A 'Persian Gulf' Seal from Lothal." Antiquity 37 (2): 96-99. Reprinted 1979 in Ancient Cities of the Indus, edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 148-150. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.

Rao, S. R. 1968. "Contacts between Lothal and Susa." Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth International Congress of Orientalists. II, 25-37. Reprinted 1979 in Ancient Cities of the Indus, edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 174-175. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House. Rao, S. R. 1973. Lothal and the Indus Civilization. Bombay: Asia Publishing House.

Rao, S. R. 1979 and 1985. Lothal: A Harappan Town (1955-62). 2 vols. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India. SI 78. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. Ratnagar, Shereen. 1982. "The Location of Harappa." In Harappan Civilization. A Contemporary Perspective, edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 261-264. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.

Ratnagar, Shereen. 1992. A Bronze Age Frontier. Problems of Interpretation. 53rd Session Thematic Symposium "Frontiers in Indian History.” Indian History Congress. Symposia Papers: 2. New Delhi: Indian History Congress.

Ratnagar, Shereen. 2001. Understanding Harappa. Civilization in the Greater Indus Valley. New Delhi: Tulika.

Ratnagar, Shereen. 2004. Trading Encounters. From the Euphrates to the Indus in the Bronze Age. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Ray, Himanshu Prabha. 2003. The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia.

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Roaf, Michael. 1990. Cultural Atlas of Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East. New York: Facts on File.

Santoni, Marielle. 1984. "Sibri and the South Cemetery of Mehrgarh: Third Millennium Connections between the Northern Kachi Plain (Pakistan) and Central Asia." In South Asian Archaeology 1981, edited by Bridget Allchin, 52-60. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Shaffer, Jim G. 1978. Prehistoric Baluchistan. New Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation. Shaffer, Jim G. 1982. "Harappan Commerce: An Alternative Perspective." In Anthropology in Pakistan, edited by Stephen Pastner and Louis Flam, 166-210. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Shinde, Vasant. 1992. "Padri and the Indus Civilization." South Asian Studies 8: 55-66.

Shinde, Vasant. 2004. "Saurashtra and the Harappan Sites of Padri and Kuntasi." In Indus Civilization. Sites in India. New Discoveries, edited by Dilip K. Chakrabarti, 64-70. Mumbai: Marg Publications.

Snell, Daniel C. 2000. "Methods of Exchange and Coinage in Ancient Western Asia." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, edited by Jack M. Sasson, 1487-1497. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers (Reprint of 1995 edition. New York: Scribner's.)

Srivastava, K. M. 2002. "An Inscribed Indus Seal from Bahrain." In Facets of Indian Civilization. Recent Perspectives. Essays in Honour of Professor B. B. Lal, edited by Jagat Pati Joshi, 92-102. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.

Thapar, B. K. 1975. "Kalibangan: A Harappan Metropolis beyond the Indus Valley." Expedition 17 (2): 19-32. Reprinted 1979 in Ancient Cities of the Indus, edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 196-202. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.

Tosi, Maurizio. 1993. "The Harappan Civilization beyond the Indian Subcontinent." In Harappan Civilization, 2nd ed., edited by Gregory L. Possehl, 365-377. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Tosi, Maurizio, S. Malek Shahmirzadi, and M. A. Joyenda. 1976. "The Bronze Age in Iran and Afghanistan." In History of Civilizations of Central Asia. 1. The Dawn of Civilization: Earliest Times to 700 B. C, edited by A. H. Dani and V. M. Masson, 191-224. Paris: UNESCO.

Vosmer, Tom. 2003. "The Naval Architecture of Early Bronze Age Reed-built Boats of the Arabian Sea." In Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Archaeology of the U. A.E, edited by Daniel Potts, Hasan Al Naboodah, and Peter Hellyer, 150-157. London: Trident Press. [Online article; retrieved 4/4/07.] Www. kenzay-training. com/uae/download/archeology/003 bronze. pdf.

Weeks, Lloyd. 2003. "Prehistoric Metallurgy in the U. A.E.: Bronze Age-Iron Age Transitions." In Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates. Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Archaeology of the U. A.E, edited by Daniel Potts, Hasan Al Naboodah, and Peter Hellyer, 116-121. London: Trident Press. [Online article; retrieved 4/4/07.] Www. kenzay-training. com/uae/download/archeology/003 bronze. pdf.

Weisgerber, Gerd. 1984. "Makan and Meluhha—Third Millennium BC Copper Production in Oman and the Evidence of Contact with the Indus Valley." In South Asian Archaeology 1981, edited by Bridget Allchin, 196-201. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Wilkinson, T. J. 2002. "Indian Ocean: Cradle of Globalization. Scholar Voices." [Online article; retrieved 10/2/02.] Www. accd. edu/sac/history/keller/IndianO/Wilkin. html.

Yoffee, Norman. 1982. Explaining Trade in Ancient Western Asia. Malibu, CA: Undena.

Yoffee, Norman. 2000. "The Economy of Ancient Western Asia." In Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, edited by Jack M. Sasson, 1387-1399. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. (Reprint of 1995 edition. New York: Scribner's.)

ABC-CLIO

Www. abc-clio. com

1-800-368-6868