Athena’s great festival, the Panathenaia, fell in midsummer during the first month of the Athenian calendar, Hekatombaion (named for the customary hecatombs or sacrifices of multiple cattle to the goddess). The preparations for the Panathenaia began nine months earlier, with the fall celebration of the Chalkeia (Festival of Bronze-workers) in honor of Athena Ergane (of Labors) and Hephaistos as deities of handicrafts. Weavers too honored Athena Ergane, and as part of the Chalkeia the ergastinai (women workers) set up a loom on which to weave the peplos destined to be presented to Athena during the Panathenaia.8 They were assisted by little girls clad in white, about seven years old, and chosen from elite families to serve Athena. These girls, known as the arrhephoroi, lived on the Akropolis “with the goddess” for the rest of the year, just as the daughters of king Kekrops once did.
As early summer drew near, the ritual and logistical preparations for the Panathenaia began in earnest. The purificatory month of Thargelion brought two holy days involving the cult statue of Athena, both associated with Aglauros, the daughter of Kekrops and priestess of Athena who leapt to her death from the Akropolis. The first day, called the Kallynteria (Beautification), is often described as the sweeping out of the temple (the verb kallunein can mean both “adorn” and “sweep, scour”). Alternatively, the ritual may have involved the kosmesis or adornment of the image with jewelry and other items, for it was said in connection with this festival that Aglauros was the first to adorn the gods’ images.9 Next, women of the Praxiergidai, an Athenian sacerdotal family, performed the Plynteria (Washing festival). They removed the garments of the statue and cleaned them. They may also have bathed the image itself, but our sources do not specifically say this. The naked image was veiled for one day, on which it was considered unlucky to conduct either private or public business; Athenian sanctuaries were closed during the Plynteria as well, and some Attic towns (also known as demes), such as Erchia and Thorikos, held their own observances. At this time the Praxiergidai conducted secret rites, and a cake made of figs, the first domesticated fruit, was carried at the head of a procession as a reminder of Athens’ primitive origins. The somberness of the day was attributed to the mourning for Aglauros, but it was clearly part of a cycle of purification and a necessary preliminary to the celebration of the New Year and Panathenaia. A month called Plynterion, attested in the Ionian islands of Paros, Thasos, and Chios, suggests that this observance predates the Ionian migration, though it is not certain that “Washing month” refers specifically to the same ritual.10
During Skirophorion, the arrhephoroi were called on to perform a secret nocturnal rite. According to Pausanias (1.27.3), Athena’s priestess gave them sacred objects in baskets, which they carried on their heads to an enclosure in the city not far from the sanctuary of Aphrodite in the Gardens, accessible by a “natural underground descent.” Neither the priestess nor the girls knew what the objects were, but when they reached their destination, they exchanged what they were carrying for other hidden objects, and returned to the Akropolis. This curious ritual has been interpreted as a fertility rite and/or a rite of passage, especially given the mention of Aphrodite and the comment of one scholiast that the secret objects were dough models of male genitalia and snakes. Although Pausanias does not identify Aphrodite’s sanctuary as the actual destination of the arrhephoroi, it has been suggested that the girls climbed down a passageway on the north slope of the Akropolis toward an area that served in Classical times as a shrine of Aphrodite and Eros.11 Their journey reflects the myth that Athena gave the daughters of Kekrops something secret to carry in a basket, which turned out to be the snake-legged, earthborn infant Erichthonios. When the girls disobeyed the goddess’ command and peeked into the basket, they were terrified and leapt from the Akropolis. Pandrosos (All-Dew), the one daughter who obeyed Athena, had a shrine beside the Ionic temple of Athena, and the families of former arrhephoroi sometimes made dedications to Athena and Pandrosos.12 The term arrhephoros (also spelled errhephoros) refers to a “bearer” of something; ancient commentators suggested that the unknown first element in the word came from arrheta (unspoken things) or herse (dew).
The New Year brought the Panathenaia, held on 28 Hekatombaion, the anniversary of Athena’s triumph in the battle of the gods and giants. The battle of the gods and giants was the scene intricately woven into Athena’s peplos; Elizabeth Barber has shown that such story cloths were an inheritance from the early Archaic period, if not the Bronze Age, and required months to create.13 Every four years the weeklong annual festival became the Great Panathenaia, when games were celebrated on a lavish, Panhellenic scale. The wide variety of events included musical competitions and recitations of Homer, chariot racing, men’s and boys’ athletics, a dance in armor (purrhike), a regatta in the harbor, and a torch race. Winners received commemorative jars filled with olive oil, many of which have survived for modern study.
The highlight of the festival was the Panathenaic parade, which followed the Sacred Way from the Dipylon gate through the potters’ quarter and agora to the Akropolis, a distance of about 1 km. Unlike the games, the procession was an inclusive event with representatives from many segments of the Athenian population, who were given different ritual duties: non-citizens, freed slaves, women, and old men. Still, members of aristocratic families played the most important roles. On the Parthenon frieze, the procession is shown entering the company of the gods (i. e. the Akropolis?) and presenting the newly woven robe to the goddess. Perhaps the olivewood statue was now fully dressed and adorned for the first time since the removal of its kosmos during the Plynteria. Meanwhile, a massive sacrifice took place and the meat was distributed to the gleeful residents of the city. The management of this elaborate festival was the responsibility of a number of officers, some of whom administered the games while others, the hieropoioi (doers of sacred things), organized the sacrifices. While the Panathenaic festival was “founded” in 566, this date probably represents a reorganization and elaboration of existing rituals, such as the weaving of the peplos, that reach back to the eighth century or earlier. In later centuries many changes were introduced, such as the inclusion in the parade of a ship on wheels with a giant “peplos” displayed as its sail. This elaborate cloth was produced by professional male weavers, but it did not take the place of the women’s peplos, which was approximately 1.8 by 2 m, the size of an actual garment.14
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