1. Plutarch Theseus 27. Mayor and Ober 1991. Fowler 2103, 486-87.
2. Cleidemus, Dowden 1997, 106, 114. Battle for Athens: Apollodorus Epitome 1. Diodorus 4.28; Aeschylus Eumenides 685-90; Pausanias 1.2.1, 1.15.2, 1.41.7, 2.32.9, 5.11.4-7; Justin 2.4. Plutarch Theseus 27-28.
3. Plutarch Theseus 27. Mayor and Ober 1991.
4. Justin 2.4.26-30. Diodorus 4.28.
5. Apollodorus Epitome 1.16; Diodorus 4.28; Aeschylus Eumenides 685.
6. Aeschylus Seven Against Thebes 39.
7. Plutarch Theseus 27; Alexander 31.
8. Rocky landscape, Harrison 1981. Bothmer 1957, shield and copies, 209-14; rocks and trees, 148, 165-73.
9. Diodorus 4.28. Plutarch Theseus 27. Apollodorus Epitome 5. All that survives of the confusing alternative version, in which Antiope/Hippolyte fought against Theseus, is that a battle broke out in Athens because of the jealous rage of Antiope/ Hippolyte, who suddenly took up arms and summoned her sister Amazons to slay Theseus, his new wife Phaedra, and all their guests. In the fighting, Antiope/Hip-polyte was either slain by Theseus or accidentally killed by Penthesilea.
10. Bothmer 1957, 166-68, Antiope, Geneva MF 238; 201, Amazon tomb? Ferrara T 203, Eupolis Painter. Gantz 1993, 1:285.
11. Plutarch Theseus 27.
12. Diodorus 4.28. Antiope’s grave, Plutarch Theseus 27; Pausanias 1.2.1; Hero-dorus 31 F 25; Pseudo-Plato Axiochos 364-365; Harrison 1981, Molpadia, 306 and n128, Antiope, 308.
13. Amazonomachy was a “mythic prototype for certain historical events long before” the Persian Wars, Shapiro 1983, 106; Scythian conquests in Thrace influenced Amazonomachies, 113. Ammianus Marcellinus 22.8 was the only historian to mention Amazon horses in Attica; he attributed their defeat to “unprotected flanks of their cavalry.”
14. Mycenaean chamber tombs in Athens, Dowden 1997, 118. Hard 2004, 35658. Plutarch Theseus 28. Gantz 1993, 1:284-85; Aeschylus Eumenides. Dowden 1997, 101-2. Date and sources of the myth, Fowler 2013, 486-87.
15. Plutarch Theseus 27; Diodorus 4.28. Lycophron Alexandra 1322-40. Dowden
1997, 106; Fowler 2013, 487, on the frozen straits.
16. Pausanias 7.2.7.
17. Some mounted Amazons appear in ancient murals and vase paintings of the Battle for Athens, but most are on foot, Bothmer 1957, 166-72. Justin 2.4.28-30.
18. Shapiro 2009, on Persians and Scythians in Greek art before the Persian Wars.
19. Shield of Athena, Harrison 1981, Athenian propaganda, 295. Bothmer 1957, 209-14. Stewart 1995, 585-86; 577, 582, the Battle for Athens was “concocted as an analogue for the great victories” over the Persians; 587-90, the surge in Amazon scenes after 450 BC related to rising numbers of foreign women in Athens. Stewart
1998, 75. Cf Cohen 2012, 478. Pliny 36.18; Pausanias 1.17.2. Plutarch Pericles 31.
20. Gantz 1993, 1:284-85. Bothmer 1957, 88-89; vases copied monumental and painted Amazonomachies by Mikon, Polygnotus, and Phidias in Athens (Theseion, Painted Porch, Parthenon metopes and Athena’s shield), 144, 147, 149, 163-74, 209. Stewart 1998, 75. Antiope’s alternative name “Hippolyte” appears five times.
21. Tarbell 1920, 227. Castriota 1992, 46-47, 58, 77-78, 83-85, 103, 138, 162, Stewart 1995, 583-86, 591. Harrison 1981, 307; actions of the Amazons on the shield signify the Persians at Marathon, 309. Kleiner 2010, 221, “all Greeks knew” that “Greeks and Amazons were an allusion to the clash between Greeks and Persians.” Persian “nambypambiness,” Pelling 1997, 2, 10. “Impossible to prove,” Woodford 2003, 142-43. Cf Shapiro 1983.
22. Persians as Persians, inferior to Greeks on vases, eg Stewart 1995, 584.
23. Shapiro 2009, 338-40. Convoluted paradox of “Persian mirror reflecting the Scythian Other” and vice versa, Pelling 1997, 2.
24. Pelling 1997. Herodotus 9.27. Strabo 11.5.3; 11.13.9.
25. Gleba 2008, 14-17. Shapiro 1983, Persian clothing elements as “decorative” effects, 111, 113. Scythians and Persians in 6th - to 5th-century BC Greek art, Shapiro 2009. Blonde Amazon, and Amazons in Greek helmets, Greek names, etc, in Battle for Athens Amazonomachies, Bothmer 1957, 146, 164, 167, 187-90. Some copies of Athena’s shield show male archers in boots and animal skins—are they Scythian allies.? Harrison 1981, 309, 311-12. Moreover, Amazons sometimes kill Greeks on Greek vase scenes but Persians do not.
26. Tarbell 1920 makes many of these points. Trysa: Barringer 2001, 192-200. Mausolus was a Persian satrap who admired Greek culture; his memorial (one of the Wonders of the Ancient World), built by his Persian sister-wife Artemisia II, was decorated with reliefs of Centaurs vs Lapiths and Greeks battling Amazons, by the finest artists of the day. It would be hard to believe that Mausolus and Artemisia viewed the Amazons as stand-ins for defeated Persians. Amazons also appear at Alabanda, Caria. And at Pergamon, Amazonomachy scenes appeared alongside a scene of Greeks defeating Persians at Marathon. On Amazons appearing along with historical scenes, Buxton 1994, 62-64.
27. “Cliche,” Stewart 1995, 584; “mythic prototype” influenced by Scythians in Thrace, Shapiro 1983, 106n9; 113-14. “flexibility,” Woodford 2003, 141; “counterpart,” Bothmer 1957, 118; “analogue,” Harrison 1981, 309; “Athens’s first brave deed against foreign attack,” Pausanias 5.11.7; “insignificant,” Isocrates 4.68.
28. Athenian envoy’s boast, Herodotus 9.27. Dowden 1997, 120-21. Isocrates 4.6770, 6.42, 7.75, 12.193; Ps-Lysias 2.4-6; and see Demosthenes 40.8. Pausanias 4.31.8.
29. Plutarch Theseus 27; Pausanias 1.2.1; 1.41.7; 2.32.8-9. Amazon tombs, Dowden 1997,118-19.
30. Plutarch Demosthenes 19. Boardman 2002, 64-65.
31. Pausanias 3.25.3. Bennett 1912, 40-56. Hall 2012, 26. Brauron, see prologue.
32. Justin 2.4.28-30; Diodorus 2.46; 4.28.
World History
