Guide to Further Reading

Roman imperialism and warfare outside of Italy has generated, and continues to generate, a vast scholarly literature. Harris 1979, Gruen 1984a, Linderski 1984, Sherwin-White 1984, Richardson 1986, Eckstein 1987, Rich 1993, and Kallet-Marx 1995 all present overviews of the nature of Roman imperialism. Hoyos 1998 sets out in detail events leading up to the First and Second Punic Wars. Lancel 1995 supplies the Carthaginian background, while Palmer 1997 examines aspects of the relationship between Rome and Carthage outside the framework of the Punic Wars. Goldsworthy 2000b sets out detailed narratives of the three Punic Wars; Lazenby 1996 provides a more detailed account of the campaigns of the First Punic War, as does Lazenby 1978 for the Second. Warrior 1996 scrutinizes the outbreak of the Second Macedonian War, while Gruen 1984a, Sherwin-White 1984, Kallet-Marx 1995, and Bernhardt 1998 provide broad views of Roman intervention in the East. Richardson 1986 provides an overview of the Roman wars in Spain. For the importance of the kings of Pergamum and Numidia in Roman policies, see Braund 1984 and Cimma 1976. Lintott 1993 sets out the institutional basis of Roman power outside of Italy.

The scholarly literature addressing the political, social, and cultural history of Rome and Italy in this period also is very large and growing. Dyson 1985 recounts in detail the wars in Cispadane Gauls, Transpadane Gaul, and Liguria, while Broad-head 2000 examines the demographic consequences of Roman expansion in these regions. Gabba 1989 and Salmon 1969 study the aims and consequences of Roman colonization in Italy, while Gargola 1995 sets out the official practices around it. Erdkamp 1998 and Rosenstein 2004 examine the economic and demographic aspects of Roman warfare. The political order of Rome in this period has been the subject of intense debate. For an overview, see Astin 1989. Millar 1984 and 1989 - now collected in Millar 2002b - emphasizes the democratic features of the Roman political order. Feig Vishnia 1996 gives an in-depth study of popular leadership in its political and social contexts. For the career of Scipio Aemilianus, see Astin 1967.