1. Lysias Funeral Oration 2. Colarusso 2002, Saga 49, 190-92. Ancient ironworking in Caucasus, Anthony 2007, 224-36, iron-forging site, 5th century BC, Rolle 1989, 119-22.
2. Rolle in Amazonen 2010, 152-59.
3. Rolle 1989, 66. Alabastron, Emporion Painter, Hermitage, St Petersburg. to ancient archery expert Jack Farrell for assessing the accuracy of the image. Scythian bows: Baumer 2012, 35-38.
4. Rolle 1989, 65-66. Zak Crawford set world record longest bow and arrow shot in 2010 with 5-foot recurve bow, pulling weight of 35 pounds. The vase: Vienna 3605 from Cervetri: Bothmer 1957, 81-82, pl 55, 5.
5. Ammianus Marcellinus 22.8.10-13 and 37. Sarmatian archery sets: Brzez-inski and Mielczarek 2002, 34. Scythian weapons, Lebedynsky 2010, 188-210. Composite and recurve bows: Baumer 2012, 12, 35, 38, 84, 87, 123, 145, 195, 197, 216-17.
6. Clement of Alexandria, cited by Basilov 1989, 146.
7. Homer Odyssey 21.405-51. Herodotus 4.9-10; and cf 3.30, Smerdis was the only Persian able to draw a bow sent by the Kushite king of Nubia/Ethiopia; some said the bow was sent by a Scythian king.
8. Minns 1913, 66-68; Rolle 1989, 64, 66 with drawing; Aruz et al. 2000, 206-10 and pl 146. Many Persian and Parthian coins depict seated archers with recurve bows, Lebedynsky 2006, 53. A gem by Epimenes (ca 500 BC) shows a kneeling archer who has just strung his bow, New York, Richter no 42. Other vase paintings depict archers stringing Scythian bows, eg Beazley Archive 203366 and 203420.
9. Brindley 1994.Other silver staters from Soloi, Cilicia, feature an Amazon head, eg Boston MFA 04.1144. Washington DC Smithsonian Museum of Natural
History 147093 (catalog A378476-0) Keyside class, Leagros Group; Bothmer 1957, 92, pl 59, 3. to Jack Farrell and members of Asian Traditional Archery Network (ATARN. org) for information on stringing recurve composite bows, and to Roberta Beene for information on thumb release.
10. London E41, Oxford 1927.4065, Berlin 2263 (Oltos); Louvre G197 (Myson); Arezzo 1465 (Euphronios): Bothmer 1957, 124-30; 135-37.
11. Bothmer 1957, 164 (griffin-quiver vase); grave goods, Murphy 2003, 19.
12. Arrowheads, Rudenko 1970; Minns 1913; Stark et al. 2012, many photos; Murphy 2003, 5-8, 17, 19 (bronze, wood, and bone arrowheads of many shapes). Lebedynsky 2009, 40-75. Pausanias 1.21.5, bone arrowheads. Mayor 2009, 83-85. Uses for arrows of different materials, Basilov 1989.
13. Cernenko 1983, 11-13. Murphy 2003, 7-8. Anthony 2007, ch 11, esp 223-24. to Jack Farrell and ATARN; Karpowicz and Selby 2010; ancient Scythian bow from Xinjiang, http://www. atarn. org/chinese/Yanghai/Scythian_bow_ATARN .pdf. Also see Http://www. atarn. org/chinese/scythian_bows. htm.
14. Murphy 2003, 104.
15. Pausanias 1.41.7.
16. Pausanias 1.21.6-7; cf Ammianus Marcellinus 17.12.2. Herodotus 9.22. Brze-zinski and Mielczarek 2002, 20-22.
17. Brestian 2005-7, esp 29-30.
18. Herodotus 4.9-10. Arzhan 2, burial 5 excavation reports: Chugunov, Na-gler, and Parzinger 2001 and http://www. dainst. org/en/project/russian-federation -tuva-arzhan.?ft=all. Baumer 2012, 184.
19. Scythian arrows, poison, and “poison” theory of tiny golden vial: Mayor 2009, 78-85. Rolle 1989, 61-63. Herodotus 4.70. Lucian Toxaris 37. Minns 1913, 93, and Murphy 2003, 23, for Xiongnu versions of blood oath. Examples of Amazons carrying fallen companions, Bothmer 1957, 95-97, pl 61. Rolle in Amazonen 2010, 152-59.
20. Soltes 1999, 153, figs 29, 42, 43. Weapons excavated in Georgian sites, Tset-skhladze 2011, 96-115.
21. Plutarch Greek Questions 45, 2.302a.
22. Herodotus 4.5; 7.64; 1.215. Strabo 11.5.1; 11.8.6. Xenophon Anabasis 4.4.16; peltasts from Anatolian hill tribes serving in Persian army often carried light battle-axes (sagaris).
23. Murphy 2003, 6-7, 98, fig 6. Tillya Tepe, Lebedynsky 2006, 145; and 2010, 200.
24. Graphic photos of skull injuries from Scythian pointed battle-axes: Jordana et al. 2009. Stark et al. 2012, 26, fig 1.6. Murphy 2003, 98, 69-70, photo pl 33.
25. Bothmer 1957, 62, 187, Louvre G197; Louvre G106; British Museum London 1873,0820.368; Athens 15002.
26. Johannes Aventinus cited by Paulus Hector Mair; Pliny 7.56.201.
27. Bothmer 1957, 181; Herodotus 5.112; 7.92-93. Rolle in Amazonen 2010, 152-59.
28. Soltes 1999, 22, 64-65, 74-76, 154-55. Sarmatian spears and swords in burials, Brzezinski and Mielczarek 2002, 23-24, 33-34. Saka weapons, Lebedynsky 2006, 82-152.
29. Murphy 2003, 5-7, 17, 19. Jordana et al. 2009, 1325, fig 12.
30. Bothmer 1957, 202, no 153 pl 84, 1. Slingers appear on coins (eg Aspendos) and vase paintings. Similar pose by male slinger, with two spears stuck in ground, on red-figure vase by Macron (ca 490). to John Ma for assessing her slinging form.
31. Pliny 37.33.110-12. Mississippi 1997.3.243. to Linda Svendsen, Nolan Gilles, and David Meadows for roping expertise.
32. Herodotus 7.85; Pausanias 1.21.5; Pomponius Mela 1.11-12; 1.19.7; 1.88-116; 3.38-39 (the Thatae, Sirachi, Phicores, and laxamatae); Ammianus Marcellinus 31.2.9; Valerius Flaccus Argonautica 6.132; Josephus Jewish Wars 7.249-50; Arrian cited in Anderson 1961, 118-19. A golden lasso was the chief weapon of the modern DC comic-book Amazon heroine Wonder Woman, created by W. M. Marston in the 1940s based on Greek mythology. For a modern artist’s version of an Amazon lassoing a foe: Brzezinski and Mielczarek 2002, 25, 35.
33. Amazons are shown hurling rocks in the Amazonomachy on New York Metropolitan Museum vase 31.11.13, Bothmer 1957, 162, 173-74, pl 77, 1.
34. Amazon vs Amazon, eg vases Bonn 37; Kyllenios painter, London B 322; Vatican 404; see Bothmer 1957, 11, 26-27, 88-89. Polyaenus 8.60.
35. Many examples of battles are described in detail by Bothmer 1957, 12-84.
36. Malibu 81.AE.219: see Saunders 2014.
37. Munich 2030, noted by Bothmer 1957, 95-96, pl 61, 3.
38. New York 31.11.13, see Bothmer 162, 173-74 pl 77, 1. Harmodios blow and footwork in ancient art and literature, Cook 1989, 57-61; Woodford 2003, 149-50.
39. Naples RC 239, Bothmer 1957, 162-74. Nemytov 2001. http://www. fscclub .com/history/amazon-tactics-e. shtml.
40. Cook 1989, 59, Amazon example in fig 4.
41. Suessula Painter vases, NY Metropolitan Museum 44.11.12 and 44.11.13, Bothmer 1957, 185, 191, pl 81, 3.
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