New evidence concerning the Second Intermediate Period is emerging so quickly that many publications are out of date before they are printed, but a few of them contain sufficient basic documentation to ensure that they will remain important for a long time. Others are useful for the fresh eye they cast upon well-worn facts. I have limited the Further Reading to these categories.
I have used the Kamose texts as a guide through the maze of evidence relating to the Second Intermediate Period. The best translation of them is that given by H. S. Smith and A. Smith, ‘A Reconsideration of the Kamose Texts’, ZAS 103 (1976), 48-76. The most wide-ranging discussion of the period is provided by the contributors to Eliezer D. Oren (ed.). The Hyksos: New Historical and Archaeological Perspectives (Philadelphia, 1997).
J. von Beckerath, Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der zweiten
Zwischenzeit in Agypten (Gliickstadt, 1965), is still the best introduction to chronological questions, but it needs to be updated with D. Franke, ‘Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches Teil II: Die sogenannte “Zweite Zwischenzeit” Altagyptens’, Orientalia, 57 (1988), 245-74. Further discussions can be picked up from his bibliography. A fresh and highly speculative review of the written sources is given by D. Redford, Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times (Princeton, 1992). The most up-to-date and comprehensive study of the contemporary written sources is Kim Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period (Copenhagen, 1997). Ryholt’s reconstruction of the Turin Canon papyrus, the most important source for the period, has been followed in the writing of Chapter 8 but his chronology and his integration of those kings who are known only from scarabs into the Dynastic series has not been accepted. For an important review of Ryholt, see Daphne Ben-Tor, Susan Allen, and James Allen, ‘Seals and Kings’, BASOR 315 (1999), 47-74-
The evidence for Asiatics in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period is discussed by Ceorges Posener, ‘Les Asiatiques en Egypte sous les XII etXIII Dynasties’, Syria, 34 (1957), 145-63; D. Arnold, F. Arnold, and S. Allen, ‘Canaanite Imports at Lisht, the Middle Kingdom Capital of Egypt’, Agypten und Levante, 5 (1994), 13-32, Kenneth Kitchen in ‘Non-Egyptians Recorded on Middle Kingdom Stelae in Rio de Janeiro’, in Stephen Quirke (ed. J, Middle Kingdom Studies (New Malden, 1991), 87-90, Daphne Ben-Tor, ‘The Historical Implications of Middle Kingdom Scarabs found in Palestine bearing Private Names and Titles of Officials’, BASOR 294 (1994J, 7-22; ‘The Relations between Egypt and Palestine in the Middle Kingdom as reflected by contemporary Canaanite Scarabs’, lEJ 47 (1997) 162-89; Rolf Krauss, ‘An examination of Khyan’s place in W. A. Ward’s seriation of royal Hyksos scarabs’, Agypten und Levante VII (1998), 39-42.
As far as the Delta-site of Avaris (Tell el-Dab'a) is concerned, everything which M. Bietak writes is ‘work in progress’, so that every publication contains new information. The most recent information will be found in the journal Agypten und Levante edited by Bietak. Comprehensive summaries of the Tell el-Dab'a finds are M. Bietak, Avaris: The Capital of the Hyksos (London, 1996), and ‘Egypt and Canaan during the Middle Bronze Age’, BASOR 281 (1991), 27-72. A more detailed report of the final phase of Hyksos power is Perla Fuscaldo, Tell el-Daba X. The Palace District of Avaris. The Pottery of the Hyksos Period and the New Kingdom (Areas H/III and H/VI). Part I: Locus 66 (Vienna, 2000). For different perspectives on Tell el-Dab'a, see Oren (ed. J, The Hyksos (cited above), and W. Vivian Davies and Louise Schofield (eds.), Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant (London, 1995); Patrick McCovern The Foreign Relations of the ‘Hyksos’. A neutron activation study of Middle Bronze Age pottery from the Eastern Mediterranean (Oxford, 2000).
For the Delta in general, see Bietak, ‘Zum Konigreich des ‘3-zh-R’ Nehesi’, SAKii (1984), 59-75: Jean Yoyotte, ‘Le Roi Mer-djefa-Re et le dieu Sopdu: Un monument de la XIV Dynastie’, BSFE114 (1989), 17-63, and J. S. Holladay, Jr., Tell el-Maskhuta (Malibu, 1982), and Mohamed Abd El-Maksoud, Tell Hebona (1981-3991J Enquete archeologique surla Deuxieme Periode Intermediaire et le Nouvel Empire a I’extremite orientale du Delta. (Paris, 1998).
For the study of the Memphis region in the Second Intermediate Period, see Dorothea Arnold, ‘Keramikbearbeitung in Dahschur 1976-1981’, MDAIK 38 (1982), 25-65; Dieter Arnold, The South Cemeteries of Lisht I: The Pyramid of Senwosret I (New York, 1988): Janine Bourriau, ‘Beyond Avaris; The Second Intermediate Period in Egypt outside the Eastern Delta’, in Oren (ed.). The Hyksos (cited above); W. C. Hayes, ‘Horemkhauef of Nekhen andhis trip to It-Towe’, JEA33 (1947), 3-11: andQuirke, ‘Royal Power in the 13th Dynasty’, in Quirke (ed.), Middle Kingdom Studies (cited above), 123-39.
On administrative tides, see Quirke, ‘The Regular Tides of the Late Middle Kingdom’, RdE37 (1986), 107-30.
For a discussion of the boundary between the Asiatic and Egyptian Nile, see J. Bourriau, ‘Some Archaeological Notes on the Kamose Texts’, in A Leahy and J. Tait (eds.), Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honour ofH. S. Smith (London, 1999), 43-48.
For Thebes, see Herbert Winlock, ‘The Tombs of the Kings of the Seventeenth Dynasty at Thebes’, JEA 10 (1924), 217-77 which is now complemented by new evidence discussed by Michel Dewachter, ‘Nouvelles Informations relatives a I’exploitation de la Necropole Royale de Drah Aboul Neggah’, RdE 36 (1985), 43-66 and Daniel Polz ‘The Ramsesnakht Dynasty and the Fall of the New Kingdom. A New Monument in Thebes’, SAK 25 (1998), 257-293; P. Vernus, ‘La StMe du roi Sekhemsanktaowyre Neferhotep lykernofret et la domination Hyksos’, ASAE 68 (1982), 129-35, and ‘A propos de la stde du pharaon Mntw-htpi’, RdE41 (1990), 22.
For funerary texts, see P. Vernus, ‘Sur les graphies de la formule “L’offrande que donne le roi” au Moyen Empire et a la Deuxieme Periode Intermediaire’, in Quirke (ed.). Middle Kingdom Studies (cited above), 141-52, and Parkinson and Quirke, ‘The Coffin of Prince Herunefer and the Early History of the Book of the Dead’, in A. B. Lloyd (ed.). Studies in Pharaonic Religion and Society (London, 1992), 37-51.
For Sobekemsaf s expedition to the Wadi Hammamat, see Annie Gasse, ‘Une expedition au Ouadi Hammamat sous le regne de Sebekemsaf I’, BIFAOSy (1987), 207-18.
With regard to the remains at Elephantine and the Second Cataract Forts, see Detlef Franke, Das Heligtum des Heqaib auf Elephantine (Heidelberg, 1994): Cornelius von Pilgrim, Elephantine XVIII: Untersuchungen in der Stadt des Mittleren Reiches and der Zweiten Zwischenzeit (Mainz, 1996); Stuart Tyson Smith, Askut in Nubia (London, 1995), and Janine Bourriau, ‘Relations between Egypt and Kerma during the Middle and New Kingdoms’, in W. V. Davies (ed.), Egypt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistory to Islam (London, 1991), 129-44.
For the principal excavations relating to the Kingdom of Kush, see Charles Bonnet, Kerma, Royaume de Nubie (Geneva, 1990) and Edifices et ritesfuneraires a Kerma (Paris, 2000).
For the history of the war against the Hyksos and subsequent reunification of Egypt, see Claude Vandersleyen, Les Guerres dAmosis, Fondateur de la XVIII Dynastie (Brussels, 1971); Peter Lacovara, Deirel Balias: Preliminary Report on the Deir el Balias Expedition ig8o-ig86 (Winona Lake, 1990): M. C. Wiener and James Allen, ‘Separate Lives: the Ahmose Tempest Stela and the Theran eruption’, JNES (1998), 1-28, and W. J. Eastwood, N. J. Pearce, J. A. Westgate, and W. T. Perkins, ‘Recognition of Santorini (Minoan) Tephra in Lake Sediments from Gblhisar Golii, Southwest Turkey by Laser Ablation ICP-MS’, Journal of Archaeological Science, 25/7 (July 1998), 677-87.
World History
