Greek girls were usually married by age eighteen, when they passed from the guardianship of their male relatives into their husband’s household. Greek men controlled their wives’ and daughters’ sexual activities. In contrast, there was no set “marriageable” age for girls in Scythia. Herodotus and other writers said that Saka-Scytho-Sarmatian girls did not marry until they had fought and/or killed at least one enemy. In antiquity “virgin” and “maiden” were not always technical terms meaning “intact hymen” or “lacking sexual experience”; the words could mean a sexually active woman who was “unmarried/unattached” to one man. As noted in chapter 1, only three Amazons were renowned for their lifelong vows of virginity. In some nomad cultures, unattached young women enjoyed liberties shocking to Greeks. In Thrace, for example, where “to live by war and plunder is most glorious,” Herodotus marveled that “they keep no watch over maidens and leave them altogether free.”6
Girls and boys in nomadic societies were trained alike in the arts of war. In the steppe nomad context, it would be reasonable to expect youths of both sexes to prove their worth before marrying and/or having children. A ritualized duel with a suitor, often from another tribe, could be one way of proving one’s mettle. The natural historian Aelian described courtship and marriage among the Saka (Massagetae) as a mock battle for dominance. “If a man wants to marry a maiden, he must fight a duel with her. They fight to win but not to the death. If the girl wins, she carries him off as captive and has power and control over him, but if she is defeated then she is under his control.”7 Aelian may have exaggerated the actual outcome based on the Greco-Roman difficulty in imagining a relationship grounded in equality. Similarly, the notion that only one partner could be dominant led classical writers to insist that any man who loved an Amazon had to either assert his power or submit to hers (see chapter 10). And yet Aelian’s description turns out to have a basis in reality. Among the nomads of Central Asia, serious and mock duels between heroes and heroines in epic poems often end in love. The traditional courtship customs of nomadic Kyrgyz people and others of ancient Saka lands entail arduous physical contests, such as racing and wrestling, to win a maiden’s love. The contests are sometimes said to determine which marriage partner wins (symbolic) dominance in the relationship (chapters 22-24).
World History
