Useful general studies of the period are C. Preaux, Les Grecs en fgypte d'apres les archives de Zenon (Brussels, 1947); W. Tam and G. T. Griffith, Hellenistic Civilisation, 3rd edn. (London, 1952): E. Will, Histoire politique du monde hellenistique, 2 vols. (Nancy, 1966-7); C. Preaux, Le Monde hdlenistique, 2 vols. (Paris, 1978); Hartwig Maehler and V. M. Strocka, Das ptolemaische Agypten: Akten des Intemationalen Symposion 27.-29. Sept 1976 in Berlin (Mainz am Rhein, 1978); F. W. Walbank, The Hellenistic World (Glasgow, 1981); J. Boardman et al. (eds.) The Cambridge Ancient History, vii(i), 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1984), viii, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1989), ix, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1993), x, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 1996); N. G. L. Hammond, The Macedonian State (Oxford, 1989); G. Hdlbl, Geschichte des Ptolemderreiches (Darmstadt, 1994); J. Whitehome, Cleopatras (London, 1994), and S. Vleeming (ed.), Hundred-Gated Thebes (Papyrologica Lugduno-Batava 27: Leiden, 1995). For discussion of Alexandria, see P. M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1972).
For the military history of the Ptolemies, see F. Adcock, The Greek and Macedonian Art of War (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1957), and Leo Casson, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World (Princeton, 1971).
For Ptolemaic kingship, see Janet Johnson, ‘The Demotic Chronicle as an Historical Source’, Enchoria, 4 (1974), 1-17; E. E. Rice, The Grand Procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus (Oxford, 1983); K. Bringmann, ‘The King as Benefactor; Some Remarks on Ideal Kingship in the Age of Hellenism’, in A. Bulloch et al. (eds.). Images and Ideologies: Self-definition in the Hellenistic World (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1993) [including the article by L. Koenen, ‘The Ptolemaic King as a Religious Figure’]; W. Huss, ‘Das Haus des Nektanebis und das Haus des Ptolemaios’, Ancient History, 25 (1994), 111-17; J. K. Winnicki, ‘Carrying Off and Bringing Home the Statues of the Gods: On an Aspect of the Religious Policy of the Ptolemies towards the Egyptians’, Joumol of Juristic Papyrology, 24 (1994), 149-90. On brother-sister marriage, see R. S, Bagnall and B. W. Frier, The Demography of Roman Egypt (Cambridge, 1994).
For the economic and social history of the Ptolemaic period, see J. N. Svoronos, Die Miinzen der Ptolemaer (Athens, 1908); M. Rostovtzeff, A Large Estate in Egypt in the Third Century bc: A Study in Economic History (Rome, 1967; repr. of 1922 edn.), and The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1953); D. J. Crawford, Kerkeosiris: An Egyptian Village in the Ptolemaic Period (Cambridge, 1971): N. Davies and C. M. Kraay, The Hellenistic Kingdoms: Portrait Coins and History (London, 1973); S. B. Pomeroy, Women in Hellenistic Egypt Jrom Alexander to Cleopatra (Detroit, 1984); Dorothy Thompson, Memphis under the Ptolemies (Princeton, 1988); R. A. Hazzard, Ptolemaic Coins: An Introduction for Collectors (Toronto, 1995), and Dominic Montserrat, Sex and Society in GraecoRoman Egypt (London, 1996).
On Ptolemaic priests, temples, and religion, see Serge Sauneron, Les Pretres de I’ancienne fgypte (Bourges, 1957); F. Dunand, ‘La Classe sacerdo-tale et sa fonction dans la societe egyptienne a I’epoque hellenistique’, in J.
Margueron el al. (eds.), Sanctuaires el Clerges (Paris, 1985), 41-59: Eleni VassUika, Ptolemaic Philae (Leuven, 1989): W. Huss, Der makedonische Konig and die dgyptischen Priester: Studien zur Geschichte des ptolemdischen Agypten (Stuttgart, 1994), and R. Merkelbach, Isis Regina, Zeus Serapis. Die griechisch-dgyptische Religion nach den Quellen dargestellt (Stuttgart, 1995).
On ethnicity during the Ptolemaic Period, see C. Preaux, ‘Esquisse d’une histoire des revolutions egyptiennes sous les Lagides’, CdE ii (1936), 522-52: Naphthali Lewis, Greeks in Ptolemaic Egypt (Oxford, 1986): K. Goudriaan, Ethnicity in Ptolemaic Egypt (Amsterdam, 1988), and P. Bilde et al., Ethnicity in Hellenistic Egypt (Aarhus, 1992).
On the art and literature of the period, see Bernard Bothmer et al., Egyptian Sculpture of the Late Period 700 bc to ad 100 (New York, i960): Richard Fazzini, Images for Eternity: Egyptian Art from Berkeley and Brooklyn (New York, 1975): Fazzini and Robert Bianchi, Cleopatra's Egypt (New York, 1981), and Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, hi. The Late Period (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1980).
World History
