Obv: Hercules was ordered by the gods to serve King Eurystheus for twelve years, after which he would become immortal. Eurystheus gave him a total of twelve very difficult tasks to perform - the first being to procure the skin of the monstrous Nemaean lion, which Hercules had to strangle with his bare hands. He is commonly shown on coins with the lion's skin either round his neck (as here), or over his head (e. g. CRS201). Here he also has his club over his shoulder. Rev. The wolf suckles Romulus and Remus. The King of Alba Longa feared the babies, and ordered them drowned in the River Tiber; but the king's servant placed them in a basket before depositing them in the river. They floated down to where the future Rome would be built - they were found by, and suckled by, a wolf. Romulus later founded Rome.
Rev: “Dioscuri” literally means “sons of Zeus (or Jupiter)”. At the Battle of Lake Regillus against the Latins in 479BC the Romans were having a bad time. The Dioscuri suddenly rode in to support the Romans, and they won the battle.
Rev: When the Romans or Greeks won a battle they commonly decorated the stump of a tree with arms and armour taken from fallen enemy. This was known as a “trophy”.
Diana, goddess of hunting, was also thought of as goddess of the moon, as here, where she wears a crescent on her head.
Roma is seated on a pile of shields, with the “wolf and twins” to the right of her.
Obv: Head of Apollo wearing a laurel-wreath (as he frequently does).
Rev: Jupiter in the quadriga wields his usual weapon, a thunderbolt.
Oblong shields and a carnyx (trumpet) in saltire.
Obv and Rev: Juno Sospita was protectress against the dangers of war. She wears the skin of a goat.
Obv: Head considered to be that of Vercingetorix, with an oblong Gallic shield behind. He was a leader of the Gauls against Julius Caesar.
Obv: Head of Bacchus, god of wine, wearing, as usual, a wreath of ivy.
Rev: Ceres, the corn-goddess holding two corn-ears. She is in a chariot pulled by two serpents.
Obv: Head of Juno wearing a veil over the back part of her head. Juno was one of the three divinities of the Roman Capitol. The heads of the other two, Jupiter and Minerva, are also used as obverses of this type. Rev. Triumphal chariot with a small victory standing on top of it.
King Aretas of Nabataea (Arabia) holds out an olive branch. He is submitting to the Romans.
Two soldiers fighting, one with a whip, the other with a sword.
Macedonian shield, with an elephant's head in centre.
Monument to an ancestor who in 439BC reduced the price of corn in Rome. Horseman holds sword and head of a barbarian.
The Dioscuri, each with a small star above head.
The basket of Romulus and Remus came to rest by a fig tree, and later, the shepherd Faustulus (at the left) took the twins away from the wolf and brought them up.
Hercules wrestles with the Nemaean lion.
Obv: Bust of Virtus (“courage”). Rev: Manlius Aquillius raises up “Sicily”. Cornucopia (Horn of plenty) on a globe, between sceptre and (on Rev) a rudder. Obv: The head may be that of Scipio Africanus the Elder. Rev: Jupiter between Juno and Minerva.
Head of either Roma or Mars.
CRS177 Obv: Head of Mars. Rev: Two Gallic trumpets and two shields.
CRS178-9 Obv: Head of Mars.
CRS180 Head of Roma surrounded by a torque (collar). An ancestor of the moneyer had killed a gigantic Gaul in single combat, and taken from him his torque - this earned for his family the surname “Torquatus”.
CRS181 In the Social War of 90-88BC Rome was opposed by the Marsic Federation of neighbouring Italian states. The obverse head is that of “Italia”. The reverse shows two soldiers touching with their swords a pig held by the man who kneels in the centre. This was a Roman way of making an oath (see also CRS184). The legends are in the OSCAN script.
CRS182 Obv: Head of Janus. Rev: Roma builds a trophy (see note on CRS12).
CRS183 “Janiform” head of the Dioscuri.
CRS184 Obv: The Dei Penates, who were worshipped as gods of the household. Rev. soldiers swearing an oath over a sow (see note on CRS181 Rev)
CRS185 Obv: The heads of Numa Pompilius and Ancus Marcius, two early kings of Rome.
CRS186 Minted by Brutus (who later minted CRS301 - 306) as a young man in his capacity as one of the regular mint officials. The heads are those of ancestors.
CRS187 Obv: The moneyer’s grandfather, of the same name, who was a consul.
Rev: Head of Sol the sun-god, who is always shown radiate.
CRS188 Rev: Head of “Sors” - a “sors” was an oracular response, often written on a tablet as the one below the half-figure.
CRS189 Obv: Head, or mask, of the Gorgon Medusa. Rev: Aurora (the “Dawn”) leading out the four horses of the Sun, ready to harness them to the chariot which Apollo, the sun-god, was supposed to drive across the sky each day.
CRS190 Obv: The head of the gorgon Medusa is in the centre of the “triskelis” (three legs). The triskelis represents Sicily, where this coin was struck. Rev: Jupiter stands holding an eagle and a thunderbolt.
CRS191 Obv: Turreted head of the goddess Cybele. Rev: “Bacchius” is unknown to history, but may be another name for Judas Aristobulus II, a Jewish ruler who submitted to Pompey in 63BC.
CRS192-3 Rev: The sella curulis, “curule chair”, the official seat used by leading Roman officials.
CRS193 Obv: Turreted head of “the City” Note that behind is a deformed foot.
CRS194 Obv: Head of King Philip V of Macedon, 220 - 179BC. Rev: Equestrian statue of
L. Philippus, an ancestor of the moneyer, who concluded a treaty of friendship with Philip V.
CRS195 Obv: Head of Sol, the sun-god.
CRS196 Obv: Bust Of Mercury, the messenger of the gods, with his staff, the “caduceus”, behind. Rev: Ulysses (Odysseus) returns to his island home of Ithaca after an absence of twenty years. As he does not know what to expect he is disguised; but his old dog Argus recognises him, wags his tail and then dies of old age.
CRS197 Obv: Head of Diana Planciana, wearing a “petasus”. Rev: A quiver, a bow, and a goat.
CRS198-200 Obv: Head of Juno Sospita. See note on CRS111.
CRS199 Rev: At the yearly festival in honour of Juno Sospita held at Lanuvium, a maiden descended into the grotto under the temple to feed the serpent that lived there. If the girl was chaste she got out of the grotto safely afterwards!
CRS201 Obv: Head of Hercules. Rev: The savage Erymanthean boar which Hercules captured alive and carried on his shoulders to King Eurystheus (see note on CRS2).
CRS202 See note on CRS186. Obv: Head of “Liberty”. Rev: The consul L. Junius Brutus (an ancestor) walking between two lictors with an usher in front.
CRS203-4 Obv: Head of Tatius, King of the Sabines, from whom the moneyer may have traced his descent.
CRS203 Rev: Tarpeia (in the centre), who betrayed a Roman fortress to the Sabines for gold. The Sabines were so disgusted by her treachery that they threw their shields down on her, so killing her.
CRS204 Rev: The “Rape of the Sabine women”. The earliest Romans were all men. They tricked the Sabines by inciting them to compete in games - “and bring your ladies with you”. At an appropriate moment each Roman snatched a Sabine girl and raced off back to Rome.
CRS205 Obv: Veiled head of “Concord”. Rev: L Aemilius Paullus, who defeated and captured the Macedonian King Perseus in 168BC, raises up a trophy. At the left stand Perseus and his two sons as prisoners.
CRS206 Obv: Head of local Italian god Vejovis (who may have been equated with Jupiter) wielding a thunderbolt. Rev: The two Lares praestites, who were deities protecting the city of Rome.
CRS207 Obv: Uncertain male head. Rev: The Dioscuri
CRS208 Obv: Head of Apollo. Rev: The Dioscuri allowing their horses to drink.
CRS209 Obv: Head of Flora wearing a wreath of flowers. Rev: Two warriors.
CRS210 Obv: Head of Saturn. Rev: Two Quaestors seated - these were Roman officials,
Who were overseeing a law selling corn at a low price.
CRS211 Obv: Head of Apollo. Rev: Roma seated on shields being crowned by a Victory
CRS212 Obv: Head of “Piety”. Rev: One of the Sicilian brothers carrying his father. The
Story is that the brothers saved their parents from an eruption of Mount Etna by carrying them to safety on their shoulders.
CRS213 Obv: Head of Venus. Rev: Three trophies (see note on CRS12).
CRS214 Obv: See note on CRS187 Obv: Rev. Figure seated on a sacrificial table
Between two trophies.
CRS215 Obv: Head of Hercules. Rev: Rider with two horses - in a certain race each jockey had to ride the course vaulting from one horse to another.
CRS216 Obv: Head of Ceres, goddess of corn. Rev: Man ploughing with two oxen.
CRS217 Rev: Two yoked oxen.
CRS218 Obv: Head of Diana, bow and quiver at back. Rev: Wild boar attacked by hound, spear in back.
CRS219 Obv: Head of Roma. Rev: Equestrian statue on triumphal arch.
CRS220 Obv: Head of Apollo.
CRS221 Obv: Head of Ancius Marcius, ancient king of Rome. Rev: Equestrian statue on
An aqueduct.
CRS222 Obv: Head of Apollo.
CRS223 Obv: Head of Apollo, pickaxe behind. Rev: Valeria Luperca (ancestress of the moneyer) seated on a heifer.
CRS224 Obv: Head of Diana, bow and quiver at shoulder. Rev: Man standing on rocks, about to sacrifice an ox.
CRS225 Obv: Head of Vejovis, thunderbolt below (see note on CRS206 Obv.)
Rev: Winged genius on a goat. The caps of the Dioscuri above.
CRS226 Obv: Head of “Gaul”, with carnyx (trumpet) behind. Rev: Diana of Ephesus holding a stag.
CRS227 Obv: Head of Neptune, trident behind. Rev: Winged genius on a dolphin.
CRS228 Obv: Head of Venus.
CRS229 Obv: Head of Hispania (Spain). Rev: Figure standing between Roman Legionary eagle and fasces (bundle of rods and an axe carried by lictors, as on CRS202)
CRS230 Obv: Head of “Piety” with stork in front.
CRS231 Obv: Head of Jupiter.
CRS232 Obv: Head of Apollo.
CRS233 Obv: Head of Diana. Rev. Hunting dog, with spear below.
CRS234 Obv: Head of a sibyl (prophetess). Rev. Sphinx,
CRS235 Obv: Head of Bacchus (see note on 116 Obv.) Rev. Pegasus.
CRS236 Obv: Head of Mutinius Titinus, who was especially worshipped by young married women.
CRS237 Obv: Head of Bonus Eventus, god of good fortune.
CRS238 Obv: Head of Vulcan, the blacksmith god, tongs behind.
CRS239 Obv: Head of Victory, with wings showing at her shoulders. Rev. Legionary
Eagle between two standards.
CRS240 Obv: Head of Venus or “Piety”. Rev: Winged victory.
CRS241 Obv: Head of Roma.
CRS242 Obv: Head of Victory. Rev: Mars holding sword and trophy.
CRS243 Obv: Head of Apollo, lyre behind (he was god of music). Rev: Diana standing
Holding two torches.
CRS244 Obv: Head of Apollo. Rev: Marsyas with wine-skin over shoulder (he challenged Apollo to a musical contest - but lost).
CRS245 Obv: Head of Jupiter. Rev: Juno Sospita, with serpent in front (see note on CRSm).
CRS246 Obv: Head of Salus (means “Health”). Rev: Salus holding serpent and leaning against column.
CRS247 Obv: Head of Vesta. Rev: Man dropping tablet into voting-urn.
CRS248 Obv: Mask of Pan Rev: Jupiter Axurus seated.
CRS249 Obv: Head of Jupiter. Rev: Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.
CRS250 Rev: Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.
CRS251 Obv: Veiled head of Vesta. Rev: Curule chair within circular Temple of Vesta.
CRS252 Obv: Head of Venus Rev. The Acropolis of Eryx in Sicily, showing the Temple of Venus.
CRS253 Obv: Head of “Liberty”. Rev: The “Rostrum” at Rome, on which is a magistrate's seat. The Rostrum was a curved set of arches decorated with ships' prows.
CRS254 Obv: Uncertain head (? Fortune). Rev: Pediment of temple.
CRS255 Obv: Head of Bonus Eventus (“Good Fortune”). Rev: Well-head upon which are
Two lyres.
CRS257 Obv: Head of Ceres. Rev: Curule chair between fasces (see notes on; CRS192 and CRS229 Rev.)
CRS258 Obv: Head of Apollo.
CRS258/9 258 Re. & 259 Obv & Rev, a Curule chair.
CRS260 Obv: Head of Fortune. Rev: Caduceus (the staff of Mercury) and palm.
CRS261 Obv: Head of? Bonus Eventus (good fortune). Rev: Caduceus.
CRS262 Obv: Head of “Piety”.
CRS263 Obv: Head of “Concord”.
CRS264 Obv: Head of Venus. Rev: Ear of corn, fasces and caduceus. (see note on CRS229 Rev)
CRS265 Obv: Head of a Sibyl (prophetess). Rev: Tripod surrounded by a torque (see note on CRS180)
CRS266 Obv: Head of Venus. Rev: Double cornucopiae (horns of plenty).
CRS267 Obv: Head of Juno Moneta (Juno the “giver of good counsel”). The mint was originally attached to her Temple: hence the use of “Moneta” for “money”.
Rev: Anvil with tongs and hammer. Vulcan's domed cap above.
CRS268 Obv: Genius of the Roman People, sceptre over shoulder. Rev: Globe between
Sceptre and rudder.
CRS269 Obv: Veiled head of Vesta. Rev: Knife, simpulum (cup used for religious ceremonies) and ornamental axe.
CRS270 Obv: Head of “Piety”. Rev: jug and Lituus (the special staff of an augur - an augur was a soothsayer).
CRS271 Obv: Head of a consul ancestor of the moneyer
CRS273-4 Obv: Head of Apollo wearing laurel wreath. Rev. Victory with a trophy.
CRS275 Obv: Head of Jupiter laureate.
CRS279 Obv: Head of Apollo. Rev: Winged victory.
CRS280 Obv: Head of Victory, wing visible at shoulder. Rev: Woman feeding serpent.
CRS281 Obv: Head of Neptune, trident at shoulder. Rev: Snake round altar in front of
Victory.
CRS282 Obv: Head of Victory. Rev: Pegasus.
CRS283 Obv: Head of? Bacchus wearing ivy-wreath. Rev: Victory seated.
CRS284 Obv: Head of Venus. Rev: Cupid walking,
CRS285 Smaller version of CRS222
CRS286 Obv: Bust of Jupiter.
CRS287 Obv: Bust of Numa Pompilius, an early King of Rome.
CRS288 Obv: Head of Roma. Rev: “Hispania” (Spain) presenting palm to Pompey, who is stepping off a galley.
CRS289 Obv: Head of Pompey the Great. Rev: Neptune between the Sicilian brothers (see CRS212 note).
CRS290 Obv: Head of Neptune. Rev: A naval “trophy” (see CRS12 note).
CRS291 Obv: The lighthouse at Messana (the modern Messina), with a galley in front. Rev: The sea-monster Scylla.
CRS292 Obv: Elephant trampling on serpent. Rev: Sacrificial implements (see CRS269), simpulum, sprinkler, axe, and “apex” (priest's hat).
CRS293 Obv: Head of Venus. Rev: Aeneas escaping from Troy, carrying his father, and the “palladium” (a statue of Minerva).
CRS294 Obv: Head of Venus. Rev: Sacrificial implements.
CRS295 Obv: Head of Venus. Rev: A trophy and captives.
CRS296 Obv: Veiled head of Caesar, with apex behind - veiled for him to act as a priest.
CRS297 Obv: Head of Caesar. Rev: Venus standing.
CRS299-300 Obv: Head on these two coins may represent a personification of “the New Age” rather than Julius Caesar!
CRS300 Obv: Head of Caesar with comet above (a comet appeared shortly after Caesar's death). Rev: A priest standing.
CRS301 Obv: Head of Apollo. Rev: A trophy (see CRS 12 note).
CRS302 Obv & Rev: Sacrificial implements.
CRS303 Obv: Head of “Liberty”.
CRS304 Obv: Head of Brutus. Rev: “The Ides of March” (the day Brutus participated in the assassination of Caesar) “Cap of Liberty” between two daggers.
CRS305 Obv: Magisterial stool. Rev: Tripod.
CRS306 Obv: Head of “Liberty”. Rev: Anchor and prow of galley.
CRS307 Obv: Head of “Liberty”. Rev: Jug and Lituus (see CRS270 note).
CRS308 Obv & Rev: “sacrificial implements” and raven.
CRS309 Rev: Radiate head of “Sol” in temple.
CRS310 Obv: Mark Antony dressed as a priest. Rev: Head of Sol (the sun-god).
CRS312 Rev: Legionary eagle between two standards.
CRS314-5 Rev: Lion.
CRS316 Rev: Head of Octavia on “cista mystica” (special chest connected with the worship of Bacchus, god of wine), with entwined serpents.
CRS320-1 Rev: Caduceus (see CRS260 note).
CRS322 Obv: Head of Mars. Rev: Trophy above legionary eagle between two standards. CRS324 Rev: Thunderbolt.
CRS325 Rev: Statue of Caesar in temple dedicated to “the divine Julius”. Altar at left. CRS327-9 Obv: Bust of Venus.
CRS328 Obv: Head of Feronia. Rev: Kneeling Parthian handing back a Roman standard.
CRS329 Obv: Eagle, consular robes (the shell-like object) and a wreath. Rev: A
Triumphal chariot.
CRS332 Capricorn, with cornucopia on back, holding globe & rudder.
CRS333 Minted 28BC, recording the conquest of Egypt after the deaths of Antony & Cleopatra.
CRS334 Rev: Shield between two laurel trees.
CRS335 Altar dedicated to “Fortuna”.
CRS336 Rev: Apollo holding lyre and plectrum.
CRS338 Rev: The round temple of Mars the Avenger.
CRS339 Rev: A comet (see CRS300 note).
CRS340 Rev: An oak-wreath presented to Augustus by grateful citizens.
CRS341 Rev: The “golden shield of valour” presented to Augustus.
CRS342 Rev: Caius & Lucius Caesar standing facing, shields and spears between.
Simpulum (see CRS269 note) and Lituus above.
CRS344 Rev: Capricorn with cornucopia (Augustus was conceived in the Zodiacal sign of Capricorn).
CRS345 Rev: Victory crowning a trophy.
CRS346 See CRS316 for type, victory on cista mystica.
CRS347 When an Emperor died he was usually “deified” - hence DIVO (or DIVVS) before a name means that the person referred to is dead. Rev: An altar.
CRS349 Rev: Livia, Tiberius' mother, seated as “Pax”, holding olive branch.
CRS350 Tiberius in a quadriga.
CRS351+5 Rev: An oak-wreath presented to Augustus by grateful citizens.
CRS356 Rev: “Nemesis” preceded by a serpent. There were two Nemeses, winged female figures shown plucking their dresses at the neck. These measured out happiness and unhappiness for mortals.
CRS357 Rev: A praetorian camp, within which a soldier and a legionary eagle.
CRS358 A triumphal arch commemorating Claudius’ conquest of Britain.
CRS359 “Fortune” crowning Claudius.
CRS360 Rev: Claudius in a quadriga.
CRS361 Rev: Cart with winged victories on top and on sides.
CRS362 Rev: legend on shield, behind which is a spear.
CRS363 Sacrificial implements.
CRS364 Ceres, the corn goddess, holding long torch, and poppy-seed and corn-ears.
CRS365 Rev: Nero, radiate, holding laurel-branch and victory.
CRS371 Rev: Candelabrum.
CRS374 Rev: Two lighted torches joined by a garland.
CRS379 Livia standing.
CRS387 Dolphin above tripod, in which is a raven.
CRS394 Rev: Vesta seated holding a lighted torch.
CRS396 Jupiter standing.
CRS400 Commemorating the subjection of Judaea after the Jewish revolt of 66 - 70AD.
“Judaea” seated mourning below a trophy.
CRS404 A lighted altar.
CRS406 Neptune holding sceptre and aplustre (curved ornament at stern of ship). CRS410 A throne.
CRS413 Rev: Venus holding helmet and spear.
CRS415 Wolf and twins (see CRS2 note). In exergue, a boat.
CRS416 Helmet on throne.
CRS417 A lighted altar.
CRS418-9 Minerva.
CRS423 Rev: Peacock.
CRS424 Baby boy seated on globe, surrounded by seven stars.
CRS428 Sacrificial implements.
CRS431 Mars carrying spear and trophy.
CRS432 “Piety” pouring libation at an altar.
CRS433 “Eternity” holding the heads of the Sun and the Moon.
CRS435 The “River Danube” reclining.
CRS436 Trajan's father seated on a curule chair holding patera (Saucer) and sceptre. CRS441 Rev: Vesta holding Palladium (see 293 note) and sceptre.
CRS443 Rev: Matidia as “Piety” looking after two children.
CRS445 “Adoption” - Trajan, who adopted Hadrian. Shown greeting his new son. CRS446 “Egypt” reclining. She holds a sistrum (used in the worship of Isis). At left, an ibis.
CRS462 “ANNONA” (the Grain supply) holding corn ears in her right hand. Her left hand rests on a modius (a sort of bucket for measuring out grain). The modius is on the prow of a galley.
CRS467 Modius (see CRS462 note) with corn and poppy-seed.
CRS470 Funeral pyre of four tiers, with quadriga on top.
CRS471 Statue of Antoninus Pius on a column.
CRS477 “Virtus” (Courage) holding spear and parazonium.
CRS479 Mars.
CRS480 “Providentia” holding sceptre and a wand over globe.
CRS482 “Roma” seated on a pile of arms.
CRS487 Venus holds an apple, and a rudder placed on a dove.
CRS490 Diana “the Light bearer”, holding a long torch.
CRS491 Juno holding patera (saucer used for pouring libations) and sceptre. Peacock to left.
CRS492 Draped throne on which are two baby boys.
CRS495 Throne with sceptre lying across it. Peacock in front.
CRS498 “Parthia” seated on the ground as a captive. Quiver, bow, and shield to right.
CRS506 “Liberty” holding Sceptre and cap of liberty.
CRS507 “Piety” seated with child in front of her.
CRS508 Jupiter at right placing hand on shoulder of Commodus
CRS509 Commodus on platform addressing three soldiers with standards.
CRS510 Commodus considered himself to be a reincarnation of Hercules!
CRS524 Minerva the Peace-bearer.
CRS526 The Sun-god holding a whip (to drive the chariot of the sun across the sky). CRS528 A trophy with two captives.
CRS532 Dea Caelestis (Cybele) riding on a lion.
CRS537 Funeral pyre of four tiers with a quadriga on top.
CRS544 Hercules standing.
CRS545 Mars with spear and trophy.
CRS546 Minerva and a trophy.
CRS547 Lion with a thunderbolt in its mouth.
CRS548 Head of Sol, the sun-god.
CRS552 Serapis, modius on head, raising right hand and holding sceptre.
CRS554 Genius holding patera over altar and two corn-ears.
CRS557 “Felicitas” (Prosperity) holding cornucopia and caduceus.
CRS558 “Fides exercitus” (the Faith of the Army). Fides with legionary standards. CRS559 “Fortuna Redux” (Returning good fortune).
CRS560 Jupiter the Protector. The small figure of Macrinus under his arm.
CRS561 “Annona” (the grain-supply) (see CRS462 note)
CRS563 Diadumenian with military standards.
CRS568 The sun-god (see CRS526 note).
CRS569 The sacred stone of the Syrian sun-god Elagabal being carried in a triumphal car.
CRS570-1 Elagabalus had been a priest of Elagabal at Emisa in Syria, He is shown here as a priest at an altar.
CRS575 “Spes” (Hope) holding flower, and raising dress.
CRS576 “Pax” (Peace) standing.
CRS579 Jupiter the Avenger.
CRS581 Altar.
CRS586 Cybele, “the mother of the gods”, with lions crouching by her throne.
CRS589 The Moon, the “light-bearer” riding in a biga.
CRS593 Plautilla and Caracalla standing hand in hand.
CRS598 “Pudicitia” (Chastity) pulling at her veil.
CRS599 “Fecunditas” (Fertility) holding a cornucopia, with a child at her feet.
CRS602 Julia Maesa being carried up to heaven on a peacock.
CRS612 “Victory in Germany”. Winged victory and German captive.
CRS614 Julia Maesa being carried up to heaven on a peacock.
CRS615 “Leader of the young men”. Maximus with two military standards.
CRS618 VICTORIA AVGG “The victory of the Augusti” - the double-G of AVGG means that there are two Emperors referred to.
CRS631 The sun-god standing.
CRS637 In 248AD the Romans celebrated the 1000th anniversary of the city - this was commemorated with lavish public games, etc; and these were known as the “Secular Games” - thus SAEGULARES AUGG on the coins.
CRS650 Philip I and Philip II seated on curule chairs.
CRS657 Pannonia was an area of Central Europe in the area of the modern Austria and
Croatia. It had been divided by the Romans into Upper Pannonia and lower Pannonia - hence the plural PANNONIAE.
CRS687-9 Valerian is “Restorer of the world”, “Restorer of the East”, and “Restorer of the Human Race”.
CRS695 When Jupiter was born he had to be hidden away in Crete to avoid his being eaten by his father Saturn. He was brought up by a goat. IOVI CRESCENTI means “the growing Jupiter”.
CRS696 VICTORIA PART “Parthian Victory”. Victory presenting a wreath to Valerian II.
CRS697 An eagle carrying Valerian II to heaven.
CRS703 “Spes” (Hope) on the right presenting a flower to Saloninus.
CRS707 A griffin “sacred to Apollo”
CRS708 Commemorating victories by Gallienus over the Germans.
CRS709 A “Legionary” coin. “Legio Prima Adiutrix”.
CRS713 A goat “sacred to Juno”.
CRS714 Serapis standing.
CRS718 This type, with the obverse showing Postumus holding the club of Hercules over his shoulder repeats the reverse of Commodus (CRS510).
CRS722 Neptune reclining holding a trident and an anchor.
CRS723 “Britannia” holding a trident greets Carausius at the right.
CRS725-7 The four Tetrarchs (Diocletian, Maximianus, Constantius and Galerius)
Sacrifice over a tripod outside a city gate.
CRS731 “Africa” holding a military standard and an elephant tusk.
CRS742 “Jupiter the Protector of the Emperor”. Jupiter holding sceptre and
Thunderbolt, riding on an eagle.
CRS758 The VOTIS coins. An Emperor made vows for so many years of his reign, and then made more for a subsequent period. On CRS758 VOTIS XX means that he has fulfilled his vows for a period of 20 years: MVLT XXX, that he has undertaken renewed vows for the next ten years to bring him up to 30 in all. Unfortunately the “VOTIS” period was often contracted because celebrations could begin early - so VOTIS XX could mean that Constantius II had reigned for 19 years, and the coin type could continue for some time thereafter.
CRS766 “The courage of the army” - Latin is changing. Classical usage would have written the genitive of “army” as EXERCITUS (as CRS636).
CRS778 Rev: “The Restorer of the world”. Valentinian holding small Victory and the “Labarum”, the Christian standard with the Christian monogram B.
CRS796 Rev: The phoenix, symbol of immortality, standing on a globe.
CRS798 “The courage of the Romans”.
CRS835 Rev: The “Christogram”, the first two letters of “Christos” in Greek put into the form of a monogram.
World History
