IMPERIAL

Opposite: During, or perhaps by ihc Augustan cptKh. the legionary began to take on a different appearanee. New patterns of helmets began to appear, inspired as before by Celtie inlluenee. This figure represents a legionary of Lenio Xllll Gemina: the Gemina (Twins) title referred to its origin in the amalgamation of two earlier legions when Augustus reformed the army after the war with Marcus Antonius. Sword and dagger were suspended from two seperate belts crossed 'cowboy'-fashion: this ciiiffulum milinire became a proud mark of the military man. who often paid for handsome plate decoration. From early in the 1st century AD it began to be worn with an elaborate studded strap apron protecting the groin. 'The figure wears a Coolus type 'FT helmet based on the original thought to have been found in the Thames and now in the British Museum. On the pack saddle arc two other variants of Crxilus helmet: an iron Cixilus 'C based on an original from Oberaden. Germany, and another type 'C of bronze from Sehaan. Lichtenstein,

Inset: Detail of the 'Mainz' pattern gtadius. the typical sword of an Augustan era legionary. Several scabbards of this style were found in the Rhine river at Mainz, hence the name.

Below: The long-pointed Mainz sword unsheathed and compared with its contemporary, the 'Fulham' pattern (right) found in the river 'Thames in that part of London. Behind the swords is a 'cut-down' style saitiini, which was certainly in use by Augustus' time; it retains the curved side form of the large Republican shield. with the top and bottom shorn off. Some attribute this modification to the need to traverse rough terrain during Augu. stus' German campaigns, hut it could well date from earlier, although the full size shields were still in use. The shield emblem is actually that of Lr’gio Xllll Gemina. copied from a shield of that legion depicted on a grave. vre/c of Gnaeus Muscus.