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13-06-2015, 12:22

Alexander the Great

In 332 B. C., Alexander the Great, after conquering the Persian Empire, invaded and conquered Egypt. There was no great battle; the Egyptians greeted Alexander as a liberator. The Theban priests recognized Alexander as the new ruler of Egypt and named him pharaoh, with the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. Alexander accepted with sincere belief in the traditions and religious role of the pharaoh, making sacrifices to the Egyptian gods and restoring the temples at Karnak and Luxor.19

Alexander’s greatest achievement in Egypt was the founding of a new capital city, Alexandria, on the Mediterranean Sea.

The rear exterior wall of the temple of Dendera carries a huge relief of the queen Cleopatra and Caesarion, her son by Roman leader Julius Caesar. Cleopatra's suicide marked the end of Egypt's self-government.

Alexandria would become one of the richest and most important cities of the ancient world.

In 323 B. C., Alexander died, and his generals then carved up his empire. One of these generals, Ptolemy I, took Egypt as his kingdom. Ptolemy’s successors ruled Egypt until the suicide of Cleopatra in 30 b. c., when Egypt became the personal property of the Roman emperor.20

?—3100 B. C. Earliest known communities in ancient Egypt established.

C.3100-2682 b. c. Early Dynastic/Archaic

Upper and Lower Egypt are united. First Egyptian dynasty—rule by members of the same family-established by King Menes.

C.2686-2181 b. c. Old Kingdom

Construction of the pyramids begins.

C.2180-2040 b. c. First Intermediate Period

Political chaos is the norm.

C.2040-1730 b. c. Middle Kingdom

Stability recovered.

C.1730-1550 b. c. Second Intermediate Period

Invasion of Hykos.

C.1550-1080 b. c. New Kingdom

Egyptian Empire created and Akhenaton’s religious strategy is begun. Reigns of Thutmose I, II, III, and IV; Hatshepsut; Tutankhamen; and Nefertiti.

C.1080-664 b. c.

Third Intermediate Period

Divided rule by Libyans, Nubians, and Assyrians in succession

C.664-332 b. c.

Late Period

The late Period is divided by some into the Saite Period (664-525 b. c.), when a king from the city of Sias in the Delta ruled a unified Egypt, and the Late Period (525-332 b. c.), when the Persian Empire ruled Egypt. Greek rule began with Alexander the Great, in 332 b. c.